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قراءة كتاب Comparative Breeding Behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima
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Comparative Breeding Behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 45-75, 6 pls., 1 fig.
December 20, 1956
Comparative Breeding Behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima
BY
GLEN E. WOOLFENDEN
University of Kansas
Lawrence
1956
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Harrison B. Tordoff
Volume 10, No. 2, pp. 45-75, 6 pls., 1 fig.
Published December 20, 1956
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1956
Comparative Breeding Behavior
of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima
BY
GLEN E. WOOLFENDEN
CONTENTS
PAGE | |
Introduction | 48 |
Materials and Methods | 48 |
Description of the Area | 49 |
Flora | 50 |
Reptiles | 50 |
Mammals | 50 |
Predators | 50 |
Passerine Associates | 51 |
Winter Status and Spring Migration | 51 |
Territory | 52 |
Voice | 58 |
Song | 58 |
Calls | 60 |
Copulation | 61 |
Nests | 62 |
Eggs and Incubation | 65 |
Young | 65 |
Growth | 65 |
Behavior | 68 |
Food, Feeding and Care of the Young | 71 |
Acknowledgments | 73 |
Summary | 73 |
Literature Cited | 74 |
INTRODUCTION
Taxonomically the Genus Ammospiza has received the attention of ornithologists for more than a century. Nevertheless, the behavior of no species of the genus has been studied extensively. The papers of Montagna and Tomkins are the only works that mention behavior and natural history in any detail. There has been an increasing awareness of the importance of ethological data and of their usefulness in systematics. For these reasons, I made a comparative study of the breeding behavior of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta) and the Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima) in New Jersey in the spring and summer of 1955.
The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts. The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina. The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small. Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably