by grasses. Voles, living in clover and alfalfa, do not make runways as distinct as they do in grasslands. The clover and alfalfa plants are branched and of a spreading growth form, whereas the grasses have leaves which are appressed to the main stem. The individual grass plants grow close together, and a vole cannot run through grass without trampling some of it. As voles use the same paths repeatedly, the grass in their runs becomes flattened and dies. There is sufficient room between the stems of the clover and alfalfa plants to allow the voles to pass through without treading on the stems. In such a habitat, vole runways are poorly developed, and are difficult to find. Voles in grasslands feed in runways, as attested by the piles of cuttings found in the runways and the nibbled grass which borders them. Voles in clover or alfalfa feed at the bases of the plants wherever the plants may grow. In the latter type of cover the cuttings are rather evenly distributed.

Compositae formed a minor part of the cover in most of the habitats studied. Many grasslands have a stand of dandelions; sow thistle, wild lettuce, and ragweed were also common in some grasslands. The voles ate the leaves and sometimes the seeds and underground parts of these plants.

Table 3. Plants Used for Food by the Prairie Vole

ASSOCIATES

In the mixed areas of grassland and clover that were described above, the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), and the little short-tailed shrew (Cryptotis parva) were commonly caught in the runways of the prairie vole. Less frequently trapped were the common mole (Scalopus aquaticus), the large short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), the Cooper lemming mouse (Synaptomys cooperi), the pine mouse (Pitymys nemoralis), and the harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). In the dense growth of Japanese honeysuckle, the prairie vole shared runways with the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), the large short-tailed shrew, and the pine mouse.

NEST AND BURROWS

The prairie vole makes a tortuous network of paths through the grass and honeycombs the topsoil with its tunnels. The underground passages lead to nests or to chambers where food is sometimes stored. The runways through the grass are 40 to 50 mm. wide, and usually lie slightly below the surface of the ground. By using the same path repeatedly, the voles create little ruts in which they run. The bottom of the runways are bare soil or are covered with only a thin layer of trampled grass. Cotton rats, on the other hand, apparently do not use their runs over long periods, for they are not well-beaten runways, but are made merely by parting the grass and not by trampling it down or cutting it off. Voles were trapped in runways of the cotton rats, but no cotton rat was caught in a typical runway of a vole.

The burrows of the prairie vole are 40 to 50 mm. in diameter, and the shallowest part is usually 50 to 100 mm. below the surface of the ground. Burrows leading to nests or food chambers may descend deeper than the others. Some prairie voles were trapped in tunnels of the common mole (Scalopus aquaticus). The voles make their own burrows, and are especially active at this task when a hard rain has loosened the previously hard, dry soil. The rain in the first two weeks of October, 1945, made the soil much more friable than it had been at the beginning of the month, and the voles took advantage of the favorable opportunity to construct many new burrows. In October, particles of soil were packed beneath the toenails of many specimens.

In this time fifteen nests were found. They were 6 to 18 inches below the surface of the ground, and two tunnels led from each nest to the surface runway. The nest cavities were spheroidal, and measured 150 to 200 mm. horizontally, and 80 to 100 mm. vertically. The floors were slightly concave and were covered with loose dirt and a mixture of dried grass and one or two leaves. The remainder of the cavity was filled with the dry grass of which the nest was composed. Criddle (1926) stated that at Treesbank, Manitoba, this vole makes its nests in the burrow systems of the pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides); and Kennicott (1857:98) found nests of the prairie vole in old ant hills.

Each of two nests that had been recently occupied was placed in a Berlese funnel, and in this way the arthropod fauna of the nests was collected. The most common arthropods in the nests were mites (parasitic, predaceous, and free-living) and springtails. Sowbugs, centipedes, spiders, and fleas were also present. Of these arthropods, the laelaptid mites, one kind of tick, and one kind of flea have a direct relationship with the vole. These parasites are the same species which are found on the vole itself. The mites were Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch) and Atricholaelaps glasgowi (Ewing). One adult tick, Ixodes sculptus Newman, was in one nest. The fleas, about a dozen in each nest, were Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, the flea most frequently found on the prairie vole.

EXTERNAL PARASITES

The pelage of prairie voles, pine mice, deer mice, and shrews forms a habitat for many kinds of parasitic arthropods. The fleas, lice, and mites from the prairie vole were collected, counted, and identified. The ectoparasites from the other small mammals living in the same habitat as the prairie vole were also considered. Some ectoparasites begin to leave the host when it dies, and any counts of ectoparasites made from snap-trapped voles may fall short of the number which was on