present, but which was now to show itself more clearly in his art. He had been in practise long and successfully enough to give a right claim to mastership. The veteran Nicolas Amati, who was now over eighty years of age, had probably been doing little or nothing for some time, and so his pupil, with all his admiration for the retiring chief, felt at full liberty to do really as he liked.

STRADIVARI'S WORKSHOP.

[Our illustration of Stradivari's atelier is from a painting by Rinaldi, the sketch for which was made on the premises. The church of St. Domenico, Cremona, was demolished some twenty years since and our illustration is from a photo taken just before the event. The Chapel of the Rosary, being the place where Antonio Stradivari was interred, is the one below and to the right of the tower and lighter in colour than the others.]

No. 1.No. 2.No. 3.

No. 1. Grand Nicolas Amati.      No. 2. Nicolas Amati pattern of Stradivari.       No. 3. First independent pattern of Stradivari.

The step he took, insignificant enough to the casual observer now, must have been equally so then, but proved one of the most important ever taken in this branch of art, considering the restraints necessarily encompassing any efforts at original design. This is perhaps the more evident when the main features of the Amati designs and others of the time are analysed. It will be seen that the upper and lower thirds of the design have much in common with each other, and that the middle or waist partakes also of the same characteristics, the whole being a series of full rounded curves, varied as required, to harmonise and flow with ease and grace to the squared corners. The slightest possible narrowing or decrease in the size of the upper of the waist curve and a corresponding enlargement of the lower part, served in the hands of Stradivari to impart a different aspect to the whole pattern. The waist, now less pinched in at the middle, looked longer without being really so. The parts above the upper corners and those below the lower ones were modified, the large curves becoming a little flatter just before blending with the smaller ones. From these alterations, each one trifling in itself, there resulted what may be called the first or earliest Stradivari pattern; in it were the germs of all the succeeding ones that contributed more and more to the fame of their designer as they appeared. The natural caution or indisposition to throw aside one pattern before a fair trial of the newest had proved acceptable to his numerous patrons, was possibly the cause of Stradivari's running the older designs alongside the newest creations of his fancy. Thus we find that mixed with the innovations are what he might have called his old Amati pattern, probably off the same moulds that he had used when first starting in business on his own account, or even before.

CHAPTER II.

Details of Further Improvements upon his New Designs—Modification of the Sound Holes—The Amati Varnish and Stradivari's—His Secrecy of Method in Working—His Knowledge of what was Wanted, and Efforts at Advance in Tone Quality.

LEAVING the consideration in general of the designs of Stradivari's early days, that is, for such a long life, we may look over some of the details. It is well known to connoisseurs that the handiwork of Nicolas Amati was during his best days of the utmost delicacy; in his later work we notice an approach to heaviness in some respects. The very beautiful subdivisions and subtleties of the curves in pattern and modelling began to disappear and the purfling became bolder. Young Stradivari, when working on some of his master's violins, seems to have been allowed to do some of this, probably with the material given out by old Nicolas. The work of the young man may be known by its greater decision, such as would be reasonably expected; but after leaving the Amati household the natural bent towards exceeding refinement soon asserted itself. The purfling, particularly after some years, is narrower, and inserted with a precision and ease in its course impossible to excel, even if approachable. The mitring at the corners ends in a bent point in the manner introduced by Hieronymus Amati and not, as has been stated, by Stradivari; the latter carried out the ideas of Nicolas in making it very sharp and this mannerism he continued throughout the whole of his career.

Stradivari from the first made his sound holes more perpendicular than those of his master; after leaving him, they also became more slender and the upper and lower wings wider and closer to the opposing curve. The precision and sharpness of the cutting of these parts has become the standard of excellence to which hundreds of Stradivari's imitators of different countries and times have striven to attain. It is, perhaps, in these parts of the different instruments—for Stradivari soon got to work on all the four sizes, besides other kinds not played with the bow—that his fine nervous system manifests itself, the sureness of his knife when passing along from one point to another leaving an edge upright and clean as cut glass, yet with a free grace of line never excelled by any master of the renaissance period.

Of the parts the young assistant of Nicolas Amati was allowed to put his individuality to, conspicuously stands the scroll. The one typical of Nicolas's later days, although free and elegant, yet had a somewhat heavier touch about it, possibly the master was gradually losing his muscular power, more necessary to exert in this matter of detail than any other. Stradivari began his own type by bringing the first turn from the axis or "eye" a little higher up than that of his master; the axis itself is a trifle larger and flatter, the edges of the turns are squared off with a machine-like exactness that does not interfere with the ease and flow of line. The peg box is strong and ample, after a few years it became massive, more so occasionally than is to be met with at any other time, the grooves down the back are not so deep, the termination or shell likewise and a little wider.

That Nicolas Amati would by any possibility neglect to duly initiate his favourite pupil in the mysteries and secrecies whereby his work should receive its final crowning adornment, its envelopment in the thin film of glory, is not to be thought of. The lustrous solution that was so fitting an accompaniment to the dainty designs of the Amatis, was from the first handled with a masterly dexterity and perfect knowledge by Stradivari. Most of the early work is covered with the orange or amber colour that were the prevailing tints on the early productions of the brothers Amati as well as Nicolas. It is somewhat curious that most of the prominent varnishers among the liutaros of Italy seemed to prefer this in their early days: or was it that the deeper or more intense colours required longer experience in management? Anyhow, so it was, and Stradivari seems to have been no exception to the general rule. If a well preserved early Stradivari is placed side by side with one of "the brothers" or Nicolas Amati's amber coloured specimens, the