because by doing so, the horse’s head and neck may relapse into a position, which the hand cannot control.

To turn the horse, Colonel Greenwood in his book of “Hints on Horsemanship” observes, “When you wish to turn to the right, pull the right rein stronger than the left; this is common sense—the common error is, when you wish to turn to the right, to pass the hand to the right, by which the right rein is slackened, and the left rein tightened, across the horse’s neck; and the horse is required to turn to the right, when the left rein is pulled.”

To turn to the right.—The hand, holding the reins the proper length, and having a correct appui or feeling of the horse’s mouth, must not be moved from its position, in a line with the crest; but the tightening of the rein, must be effected, by turning the wrist; the little finger, with the first joint pressing against the rein, is raised, and turned towards the right shoulder; thus giving a double feeling, or pressure upon the right rein, and turning the horse’s head in the desired direction, the pressure of the left rein against the neck, which follows, induces the horse to turn to the right. Or the right hand may be placed upon the right rein, to tighten it. The pressure with the left leg, should at the same time be increased, to prevent the horse from throwing his hind quarters too much outwards, or to the left. The rider’s body should incline inwards, and face the direction turning to. If the whip be used, it should be applied upon the left shoulder, with a continued pressure, till the turn has been completed.

To turn to the left.—The lady should increase the bearing upon the left rein, by turning the back of her hand downwards, so as to bring the little finger towards the left shoulder; at the same time, she should apply the whip to the horse’s right flank, to make him collect himself, and to prevent him, from throwing his hind-quarters too much to the right; when the horse has completed the turn, the bearing and pressure should be equalized, to induce the horse to move straight forward.

The horse, when at a stop, may be made to turn quite round by making him move his hind-quarters only.

To circle the horse to the right, on his fore-hand.—The lady should apply her leg, to the horse’s side, as far back as she can; to induce him to step to the right, with his hind legs; at the same time, she must increase the bearing upon the left rein; if the horse does not readily obey the pressure of the foot, she may pass her hand behind her waist, and touch the horse with the whip gently on his left flank.

To circle the horse to the left, on the forehand.—The lady should apply the whip gently to the horse’s right flank, to induce him to step to the left, she should have a double bearing upon the right rein, and she should at the same time press her foot against the horse’s side, as far forward as she can, to oppose the movement of the fore-legs.

The horse can be made to turn on his hind legs, by the movement only of his fore-hand. The lady to turn the horse to the right, must apply her leg as far back as possible, to keep the horse’s haunches steady; at the same time, she should with the bit, bend the horse’s head a little to the right, to induce him to step with his fore-feet to the right. If necessary, the whip may be used, by gentle touches upon the left shoulder.

To turn on the haunches to the left.—The lady must press her whip on the horse’s right flank, and her leg, against his side as far forward as possible, at the same time, she should communicate an impulse to the horse, to step to the left, to turn the horse quite round when in movement; the lady should first bring her horse to a momentary stop, and then proceed to turn him.

To stop.—The lady must close her leg smartly to the horse’s side, to make him bring his haunches under him; at the same instant she must increase the bearing upon the reins, gradually yet firmly, by turning the back of her bridle hand downwards, and drawing it back, and upwards; the body should also be thrown backwards, to give weight to the pull: as soon as the horse has obeyed the check and remains still, the lady should ease the bearing upon the reins. If the lady does not give an impulse to the horse, by the pressure of her leg to his side, to bring his haunches under him, but merely pulls the bridle, the horse might be stopped by strength of arm, but it would be entirely on his fore-hand; and she would be thrown up and down in her saddle, in a very helpless way.

The stop should not be made too suddenly.

Reining back.—The great use of reining back, is to render the horse obedient, and tractable. The lady should first make her horse collect himself, when well balanced, she should communicate an impulse to the horse, by the pressure of her leg and whip to his sides, to induce him to raise one of his hind feet, at the moment of his doing so, she should double the feeling upon both reins, by drawing her hand back, and turning her little finger up towards her chest; the horse, to recover his balance, will step back. The movement of the hand must be repeated, at each step of the horse; should the horse bring his haunches too much under him, the bearing upon the reins must be eased, and the pressure of the leg and whip, increased, to give him a forward impulse.

The horse must not be allowed to hurry, or run back out of hand, nor to diverge from the straight line; he should be guided, by an increased pressure of either rein, as may be necessary, and by an additional pressure with the leg, or whip, to keep his hind-quarters in the desired direction.

Reining in.—The object desired is, to make the horse assume a more correct balance. The lady should shorten her reins a little, by drawing them through her left hand, thus keeping the bit-hand low and steady, with an extra bearing upon the reins; she should with her right hand, play with the snaffle rein, and at the same time, communicate to the horse a forward impulse; the horse feeling the bit to be an insurmountable obstacle, will, in place of throwing his weight forward, bring his haunches under him. Should the urging indication be applied too abruptly, the horse may throw so much weight forward, as to pull the reins out of the rider’s hands; if used judiciously, and controlled by the hand, the horse will collect himself, arch his neck, champ the bit, and be ready for any movement.

This practice gives the horse confidence, for most young horses are afraid of the bit; and if frightened by too sudden a jerk upon the reins will never after, go kindly up to hand. The lady having learnt the indications necessary, to induce the horse to move either, his fore-hand round his haunches, or his croup round his fore-hand; may next proceed to apply them, so as to induce the horse to move diagonally, or sideways.

Shoulder in.—In this movement the horse’s body is bent more or less. The pupil should separate her reins, and take one in each hand, holding them rather short; if the horse is to move to the left, her right hand must be drawn back to her hip, to bend the horse’s head to the right, her left hand should be advanced to guide the horse, she must apply her whip by light touches to the horse’s right side, in line with the girths, to induce him to step diagonally.

Passaging.—Signifies moving side ways.—If the retaining and urging indications be given with equal force, but the right rein be felt the stronger, the horse will incline to the right; to induce him to move his hind quarters also in that