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قراءة كتاب The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy
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The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy
The Slaveholding Indians
| (1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist |
| (2) As Participants in the Civil War |
| (3) Under Reconstruction |
Vol. I
Indian Territory, 1861
[From General Land Office]
The American Indian as
Slaveholder and Secessionist
AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN
THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE
SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY
BY
ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, Ph.D.
THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
CLEVELAND: 1915
COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
ANNIE HELOISE ABEL
TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER
CONTENTS
| Preface | 13 | |
| I | General Situation in the Indian Country, 1830-1860 | 17 |
| II | Indian Territory in its Relations with Texas and Arkansas | 63 |
| III | The Confederacy in Negotiation with the Indian Tribes | 127 |
| IV | The Indian Nations in Alliance With the Confederacy | 207 |
| Appendix A—Fort Smith Papers | 285 | |
| Appendix B—The Leeper or Wichita Agency Papers | 329 | |
| Selected Bibliography | 359 | |
| Index | 369 |
ILLUSTRATIONS
| Indian Territory, 1861 | Frontispiece |
| Map showing free Negro Settlements in the Creek Country | 25 |
| Portrait of Colonel Downing, Cherokee | 65 |
| Portrait of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokees | 112 |
| Portrait of Colonel Adair, Cherokee | 221 |
| Map showing the Retreat of the loyal Indians | 263 |
| Fort McCulloch | 281 |
PREFACE
This volume is the first of a series of three dealing with the slaveholding Indians as secessionists, as participants in the Civil War, and as victims under reconstruction. The series deals with a phase of American Civil War history which has heretofore been almost entirely neglected or, where dealt with, either misunderstood or misinterpreted. Perhaps the third and last volume will to many people be the most interesting because it will show, in great detail, the enormous price that the unfortunate Indian had to pay for having allowed himself to become a secessionist and a soldier. Yet the suggestiveness of this first volume is considerably larger than would appear at first glance. It has been purposely given a sub-title, in order that the peculiar position of the Indian, in 1861, may be brought out in strong relief. He was enough inside the American Union to have something to say about secession and enough outside of it to be approached diplomatically. It is well to note, indeed, that Albert Pike negotiated the several Indian treaties that bound the Indian nations in an alliance with the seceded states, under the authority of the Confederate State Department, which was a decided advance upon United States practice—an