it has also become necessary to greatly increase the power of the machines applied to them. The construction of large packets now requires the putting in place of boilers of great weight, and the adoption of the huge pieces that compose the artillery of ironclads necessitates the use of force that has been unknown up to recent times.

Fig. 1.—DIAGRAM OF SHEARS.

Fig. 2.—ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY TON SHEARS OF THE PORT OF MARSEILLES.

At present, then, we could no longer be content with manual power, acting upon windlasses or capstans, for lifting and shifting. It has become necessary to apply steam or hydraulic motors to these operations. Of these, the latter are the most used, on account of their easy operation and their submitting to the greatest stresses with a very satisfactory proportionality of the expenditure of motive power. One of the most remarkable of such apparatus is the one that the Compagnie de Fives-Lille has recently set up on one of the moles of the national dock at Marseilles, for the service of the chamber of commerce, and this merits a description so much the more in that it is an important improvement upon the analogous apparatus now in use in other ports.

According to the conditions of the programme, powers of 25, 75, and 120 tons had to be obtained at will, with a proportional output of water, and the load had to be lifted 22 ft. above the quay and carried horizontally from 28 ft. beyond the edge to 16 ft. in the rear, so that the load might be taken from a ship and deposited upon a wagon, and vice versa. The shears, then, had to be capable of performing two operations, viz., of lifting the load and of carrying it horizontally. To facilitate the description, we shall first make known the arrangements that assure the second operation.

The apparatus is of the type known as oscillating tripod. The tripod consists of two lateral iron plate uprights, A A (Fig. 1), resting upon the wharf wall, and of a beam, B, jointed to them above and connected below with the head of the piston of a hydraulic press. This latter rests upon an iron plate frame, solidly bolted to masonry. The piston pulls the beam, B, toward it when it descends, and carries along in the same motion the shears, A, as well as the load suspended from their point of junction, and the load is thus carried to a distance of 16 ft. from the edge of the wharf in order to be placed upon a wagon. Conversely, if the piston rises, it pushes before it the entire framework, as well as the lifting apparatus, the hook of which travels 28 ft. beyond the edge of the wharf.

The lifting apparatus consists likewise of a hydraulic press suspended from the summit of the tripod; but, in order to prevent the joints of the cylinder from working under the action of the load, which would tend to open them and cause leakages, it is not suspended from the very axis of the junction of the shears. The cylinder rests directly upon a huge stirrup 45 ft. in length, the arms alone of which are affixed to the axis, through a Cardan joint. Under such circumstances,

the stress of the load carried by the piston rod is exerted solely upon the branches of the stirrup, and the sides of the cylinder work only under the pressure of the motive water. The latter is introduced at the base of the press, through a valve that a special workman, standing upon a platform supported by the stirrup, maneuvers at will.

It will be seen that the general principle applied for utilizing the motive power is that of direct action. It has already been employed in a few analogous apparatus constructed by Sir William Armstrong, especially those of the arsenal of Spezia and of the Elswick cannon foundry, but solely for the lifting press. This is the first time that use has been made of it to effect the oscillating motion corresponding to the horizontal shifting of the load. This was formerly done through the intermedium of a mechanism that, aside from its complication and higher cost, presented the inconvenience of absorbing a large quantity of force in friction; besides, the direct action permits of performing the maneuvers much more quickly by the use of the water in reserve contained in the accumulators.

Another important improvement, likewise due to the Compagnie Fives-Lille, consists in the addition of safety clicks, which engage with racks parallel with the piston rod of each of the presses and movable with it. The clicks, on the contrary, are jointed to axes fixed on the bottom of the cylinders. This arrangement presents the following advantages: If a leakage occurs in the joints or feed pipe of the hoisting press, the descent of the load can be stopped instantaneously, thus preventing the grave damage that would be done to ships and even to the shears themselves by the descent of a 120 ton load, however slow it might be. As regards the oscillating press, this arrangement permits of fixing the base of the connecting beam at any point whatever of its travel, when it is desired to dismount the piston. Further, it permits of maintaining the shears in an invariable position in case of sudden damages to the piping.

Fig. 3.—AUTOMATIC MULTIPLIER.

In order to produce the three powers of 25, 75, and 120 tons required by the programme, and at the same time expend in each case a corresponding quantity of water under pressure, it is of course necessary to cause the pressure of the motive water to vary in the same proportion as the stress to be extended. This result is reached by calculating the diameter of the two cylinders in such a way as to obtain the mean power of 75 tons, in making the water of the general conduit act directly under the normal pressure of 50 atmospheres. For the powers of 25 and 120 tons, use is made of an automatic multiplier, that consists of two cylinders arranged end to end, in which move pistons, A and B (Fig. 3), of different diameters. When it is a question of lifting 120 tons, the water at 50 atmospheres actuates the piston, A, and the other forces into the lifting cylinder motive water under a much greater pressure. If the load to be lifted is but 25 tons, the water at 50 atmospheres actuates the piston, B, and A forces the water into the same cylinder at a much lower pressure. The same operations are effected in the other cylinder when the extreme loads of 25 and 120 tons are moved.

The shears are likewise provided with a hydraulic cylinder, E (Fig. 1), placed on the back of the beam, B, and serving, through a cable, to bring the piston of the large cylinder to the end of its upward stroke, and for certain accessory work.

Finally, the apparatus as a whole is completed by an accumulator containing in reserve a large part of the water necessary for each operation.

The apparatus is capable of lifting a maximum load of 120 tons from 22 feet beneath the wharf to 22 feet above, and of

moving it from 28 feet beyond the edge to 16 feet back of it, say a total of 44 feet. The cylinders of the lifting and oscillating presses are 1¾ feet in diameter and 4 inches in thickness. The stroke of the second is 22½ feet. The length of the uprights is 110½ feet and that of the connecting beam is 109 feet. The apparatus has been tested under satisfactory conditions with a load of 140 tons.—La