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CHAPTER IV FOUNDATION AND EXHAUST The Foundation Materials.—Vibration.—Air Vibration, etc.—Exhaust Noises 87 CHAPTER V WATER CIRCULATION Running Water.—Water-Tanks.—Coolers 98 CHAPTER VI LUBRICATION Quality of Oils.—Types of Lubricators 111 CHAPTER VII CONDITIONS OF PERFECT OPERATION General Care.—Lubrication.—Tightness of the Cylinder.—Valve-Regrinding.—Bearings.—Crosshead.—Governor.—Joints.—Water Circulation.—Adjustment 121 CHAPTER VIII HOW TO START AN ENGINE.—PRELIMINARY PRECAUTIONS Care during Operation.—Stopping the Engine 128 CHAPTER IX PERTURBATIONS IN THE OPERATION OF ENGINES AND THEIR REMEDY Difficulties in Starting.—Faulty Compression.—Pressure of Water in the Cylinder.—Imperfect Ignition.—Electric Ignition by Battery or Magneto.—Premature Ignition.—Untimely Detonations.—Retarded Explosions.—Lost Motion in Moving Parts.—Overheated Bearings.—Overheating of the Cylinder.—Overheating of the Piston.—Smoke arising from the Cylinder.—Back Pressure to the Exhaust.—Sudden Stops 134

CHAPTER X PRODUCER-GAS ENGINES High Compression.—Cooling.—Premature Ignition.—The Governing of Engines 153 CHAPTER XI PRODUCER-GAS Street-Gas.—Composition of Producer-Gases.—Symptoms of Asphyxiation.—Gradual, Rapid Asphyxiation.—Slow, Chronic Asphyxiation.—First Aid in Cases of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.—Sylvester Method.—Pacini Method.—Impurities of the Gases 165 CHAPTER XII PRESSURE GAS-PRODUCERS Dowson Producer.—Generators.—Air-Blast.— Blowers.—Fans.—Compressors.—Exhausters.—Washing and Purifying.—Gas-Holder.—Lignite and Peat Producers.—Distilling-Producers.—Producers Using Wood Waste, Sawdust, and the like.—Combustion-Generators.—Inverted Combustion 174 CHAPTER XIII SUCTION GAS-PRODUCERS Advantages.—Qualities of Fuel.—General Arrangement.—Generator.—Cylindrical Body.—Refractory Lining.—Grate and Support for the Lining.—Ash-pit.—Charging-Box.—Slide-Valve.—Cock.—Feed-Hopper.—Connection of Parts.—Air Supply.—Vaporizer.—Preheaters.—Internal Vaporizers.—External Vaporizers.—Tubular Vaporizers.—Partition Vaporizers.—Operation of the Vaporizers.—Air-Heaters.—Dust-Collectors.—Cooler, Washer, Scrubber.—Purifying Apparatus.—Gas-Holders.—Drier.—Pipes.— Purifying-Brush.—Conditions

of Perfect Operation of Gas-Producers.—Workmanship and System.—Generator.—Vaporizer.—Scrubber.—Assembling the Plant.—Fuel.—How to Keep the Plant in Good Condition.—Care of the Apparatus.—Starting the Fire for the Gas-Producer.—Starting the Engine.—Care of the Generator during Operation.—Stoppages and Cleaning

199 CHAPTER XIV OIL AND VOLATILE HYDROCARBON ENGINES Oil-Engines.—Volatile Hydrocarbon Engines.—Comparative Costs.—Tests of High-Speed Engines.—The Manograph.—The Continuous Explosion-Recorder for High-Speed Engines.—Records 264 CHAPTER XV THE SELECTION OF AN ENGINE The Duty of a Consulting Engineer.—Specifications.—Testing the Plant.—Explosion-Recorder for Industrial Engines.—Analysis of the Gases.—Witz Calorimeter.—Maintenance of Plants.—Test of Stockport Gas-Engine with Dowson Pressure Gas-Producer.—Test of a Winterthur Engine.—Test of a Winterthur Producer-Gas Engine.—Test of a Deutz Producer-Gas Engine and Suction Gas-Producer.—Test of a 200-H.P. Deutz Suction Gas-Producer and Engine 279

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CHAPTER I

The ease with which a gas-engine can be installed, compared with a steam-engine is self-evident. In places where illuminating gas can be obtained and where less than 10 to 15 horse-power is needed, street-gas is ordinarily employed. [A] The improvements which have very recently been made in the construction of suction gas-generators, however, would seem to augur well for their general introduction in the near future, even for very small powers.

The installation of small street-gas-engines involves simply the making of the necessary connections with gas main and the mounting of the engine on a small base.

An economical steam-engine of equal power would