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| 23. The Carolingian Revival of Learning |
144 |
| CHAPTER X.—THE ERA OF THE LATER CAROLINGIANS |
| 24. The Oaths of Strassburg (842) |
149 |
| 25. The Treaty of Verdun (843) |
154 |
| 26. A Chronicle of the Frankish Kingdom in the Ninth Century |
157 |
| 27. The Northmen in the Country of the Franks |
163 |
| 28. Later Carolingian Efforts to Preserve Order |
173 |
| 29. The Election of Hugh Capet (987) |
177 |
| CHAPTER XI.—ALFRED THE GREAT IN WAR AND IN PEACE |
| 30. The Danes in England |
181 |
| 31. Alfred's Interest in Education |
185 |
| 32. Alfred's Laws |
194 |
| CHAPTER XII.—THE ORDEAL |
| 33. Tests by Hot Water, Cold Water, and Fire |
196 |
| CHAPTER XIII.—THE FEUDAL SYSTEM |
| 34. Older Institutions Involving Elements of Feudalism |
203 |
| 35. The Granting of Fiefs |
214 |
| 36. The Ceremonies of Homage and Fealty |
216 |
| 37. The Mutual Obligations of Lords and Vassals |
220 |
| 38. Some of the More Important Rights of the Lord |
221 |
| 39. The Peace and the Truce of God |
228 |
| CHAPTER XIV.—THE NORMAN CONQUEST |
| 40. The Battle of Hastings: the English and the Normans |
233 |
| 41. William the Conqueror as Man and as King |
241 |
| CHAPTER XV.—THE MONASTIC REFORMATION OF THE TENTH, ELEVENTH, AND TWELFTH CENTURIES |
| 42. The Foundation Charter of the Monastery of Cluny (910) |
245 |
| 43. The Early Career of St. Bernard and the Founding of Clairvaux |
250 |
| 44. A Description of Clairvaux |
258 |
| CHAPTER XVI.—THE CONFLICT OVER INVESTITURE |
| 45. Gregory VII.'s Conception of the Papal Authority |
261 |
| 46. Letter of Gregory VII. to Henry IV. (1075) |
264 |
| 47. Henry IV.'s Reply to Gregory's Letter (1076) |
269 |
| 48. Henry IV. Deposed by Gregory (1076) |
272 |
| 49. The Penance of Henry IV. at Canossa (1077) |
273 |
| 50. The Concordat of Worms (1122) |
278 |
| CHAPTER XVII.—THE CRUSADES |
| 51. Speech of Pope Urban II. at the Council of Clermont (1095) |
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