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52.   The Starting of the Crusaders (1096) 288 53.   A Letter from a Crusader to his Wife 291 CHAPTER XVIII.—THE GREAT CHARTER 54.   The Winning of the Great Charter 297 55.   Extracts from the Charter 303 CHAPTER XIX.—THE REIGN OF SAINT LOUIS 56.   The Character and Deeds of the King as Described by Joinville 311 CHAPTER XX.—MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITY 57.   Some Twelfth Century Town Charters 325 58.   The Colonization of Eastern Germany 330 59.   The League of Rhenish Cities (1254) 334 CHAPTER XXI.—UNIVERSITIES AND STUDENT LIFE 60.   Privileges Granted to Students and Masters 340 61.   The Foundation of the University of Heidelberg (1386) 345 62.   Mediæval Students' Songs 351 CHAPTER XXII.—THE FRIARS 63.   The Life of St. Francis 362 64.   The Rule of St. Francis 373 65.   The Will of St. Francis 376 CHAPTER XXIII.—THE PAPACY AND THE TEMPORAL POWERS IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 66.   The Interdict Laid on France by Innocent III. (1200) 380 67.   The Bull "Unam Sanctam" of Boniface VIII. (1302) 383 68.   The Great Schism and the Councils of Pisa and Constance 389 69.   The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) 393 CHAPTER XXIV.—THE EMPIRE IN THE TWELFTH, THIRTEENTH, AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES 70.   The Peace of Constance (1183) 398 71.   Current Rumors Concerning the Life and Character of Frederick II. 402 72.   The Golden Bull of Charles IV. (1356) 409 CHAPTER XXV.—THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR 73.   An Occasion of War between the Kings of England and France 418 74.   Edward III. Assumes the Arms and Title of the King of France 421 75.   The Naval Battle of Sluys (1340) 424 76.   The Battle of Crécy (1346) 427 77.   The Sack of Limoges (1370) 436 78.   The Treaties of Bretigny (1360) and Troyes (1420) 439 CHAPTER XXVI.—THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 79.   Dante's Defense of Italian