Modification of Sentences 495 Penitents never Pardoned, although Reprieved 496 Penalties of Descendants 498 Inquisitorial Excommunication 500   CHAPTER XIII.—Confiscation Origin in the Roman Law 501 The Church Responsible for its Introduction 502 Varying Practice in Decreeing it 504 Degree of Criminality Entailing it 507 Question of the Dowers of Wives 509 The Church Shares the Spoils in Italy 510 In France they are Seized by the State 513 The Bishops Obtain a Share 514 Rapacity of Confiscation 517 Alienations and Obligations Void 522 Paralyzing Influence on Commercial Development 524 Expenses of Inquisition, how Defrayed 525 Persecution Dependent on Confiscation 529   CHAPTER XIV.—The Stake. Theoretical Irresponsibility of the Inquisition 534 The Church Coerces the Secular Power to Burn Heretics 536 Only Impenitent Heretics Burned 541 Relapse.—Hesitation as to its Penalty.—Burning Decided upon 543 Difficulty of Defining Relapse 547 Refusal to Submit to Penance 548 Probable Frequency of Burning 549 Details of Execution 551 Burning of Books 554 Influence of Inquisitorial Methods on the Church 557 Influence on Secular Jurisprudence 559 APPENDIX 563