Morality—Customs or Mores

51 § 1. Meaning, authority, and origin of customs, 51. § 2. Means of enforcing custom:—Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. § 3. Conditions which render group control conscious:—Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. § 4. Values and defects of customary morality:—Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68. V.   From Custom to Conscience; from Group Morality to Personal Morality 73 § 1. Contrast and collision, 73. § 2. Sociological agencies in the transition:—Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. § 3. Psychological agencies:—Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. § 4. Positive reconstruction, 89. VI.   The Hebrew Moral Development 91 § 1. General character and determining principles:—The Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92. § 2. Religious agencies:—Covenant, 94; personal law-giver, 95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. § 3. Moral conceptions attained:—Righteousness and sin, 102; responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of "life," 107; the social ideal, 108. VII.   The Moral Development of the Greeks 111 § 1. The fundamental notes:—Convention versus nature, 111; measure, 112; good and just, 113. § 2. Intellectual forces of individualism:—The scientific spirit, 114. § 3. Commercial and political individualism:—Class interests, 119; why obey laws? 122. § 4. Individualism and ethical theory:—The question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. § 5. The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and the social order:—Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudæmonism and the mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. § 6. The conception of the ideal:—Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical significance, 138. § 7. The conception of the self, of character and responsibility:—The poets, 138; Plato and the Stoics, 140. VIII.   The Modern Period 142 § 1. The mediæval ideals:—Groups and class ideals, 143; the church ideal, 145. § 2. Main lines of modern development, 147. § 3. The old and new in the beginnings of individualism, 149. § 4. Individualism in the progress of liberty and democracy:—Rights, 151. § 5. Individualism as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and art:—Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159. § 6. The individual and the development of intelligence:—The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present significance of scientific method, 167. IX.   A General Comparison of Customary and Reflective Morality 171 § 1. Elements of agreement and continuity:—Régime of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical terms, 175. § 2. Elements of contrast:—Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing versus reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. § 3. Opposition between individual and social aims and standards:—Withdrawal from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186. § 4. Effects upon the individual character:—Increased possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. § 5. Moral differentiation and the social order:—Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality, 197. PART II

Theory of the Moral Life X.   The Moral Situation 201