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Fate of the Sectaries 100 The Order of Apostles.—Spiritual Tendencies 103 Gherardo Segarelli.—Burned in 1300 104 Dolcino Assumes the Leadership 109 His Open Revolt.—Suppressed after Four Crusades 113 Continuance and Character of the Heresy 120   CHAPTER III.—The Fraticelli. Question Raised as to the Poverty of Christ 129 Reaction against the Holiness of Poverty 130 Doctrine of the Poverty of Christ Declared a Heresy 134 It Complicates the Quarrel with Louis of Bavaria 135 Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockham 139 Gradual Estrangement of the Franciscans 142 Louis Deposes John XXII. as a Heretic 145 Michele da Cesena Revolts 147 Utility of the Inquisition.—Submission of the Antipope 149 Struggle in Germany.—The Franciscans Support Louis 153 Louis gradually Gains Strength.—His Death 156 Dissident Franciscans Known as Fraticelli 158 Sympathy for them under Persecution 160 Their Tenets 162 Fraticelli in France and Spain 167 Orthodox Ascetism.—Jesuats.—Observantines 171 The Observantines Replace and Suppress the Fraticelli 174   CHAPTER IV.—Political Heresy Utilized by the Church. Denial of Papal Claims Pronounced Heresy 181 The Stedingers.—Tithes Enforced by Crusades 182 Crusades to Support Italian Interests of Papacy 189 Importance of Inquisition as a Political Agency 190 Advantage of the Charge of Heresy 191 Manfred of Naples.—The