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قراءة كتاب Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt; Early Names of Pittsburgh Streets

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Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt; Early Names of Pittsburgh Streets

Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt; Early Names of Pittsburgh Streets

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دار النشر: Project Gutenberg
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FORT DUQUESNE

AND

FORT PITT



EARLY NAMES OF PITTSBURGH STREETS




SIXTH EDITION

PUBLISHED BY

FORT PITT SOCIETY

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

OF

ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA




Reed & Witting Co., Press
1921





This little sketch of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt is compiled from extracts taken mainly from Parkman's Histories; The Olden Time, by Neville B. Craig; Fort Pitt, by Mrs. Wm. Darlington; Pioneer History, by S. P. Hildreth, etc.

Pittsburgh
September, 1898.







CHRONOLOGY

1753—The French begin to build a chain of forts to enforce their boundaries.

December 11, 1753.—Washington visits Fort Le Boeuf.

January, 1754.—Washington lands on Wainwright's Island in the Allegheny river.—Recommends that a Fort be built at the "Forks of the Ohio."

February 17, 1754.—A fort begun at the "Forks of the Ohio" by Capt. William Trent.

April 16, 1754.—Ensign Ward, with thirty-three men, surprised here by the French, and surrenders.

June, 1754.—Fort Duquesne completed.

May 28, 1754.—Washington attacks Coulon de Jumonville at Great Meadows.

July 9, 1755.—Braddock's defeat.

April, 1758.—Brig. Gen. John Forbes takes command.

August, 1758.—Fort Bedford built.

October, 1758.—Fort Ligonier built.

November 24, 1758.—Fort Duquesne destroyed by the retreating French.

November 25, 1758.—Gen. Forbes takes possession.

August, 1759.—Fort Pitt begun by Gen. John Stanwix.

May, 1763.—Conspiracy of Pontiac.

July, 1763.—Fort Pitt besieged by Indians.

1764.—Col. Henry Bouquet builds the Redoubt.

October 10, 1772.—Fort Pitt abandoned by the British.

January, 1774.—Dr. James Connelly occupies Fort Pitt with Virginia militia, and changes name to Fort Dunmore.

July, 1776.—Indian conference at Fort Pitt.—Pontiac and Guyasuta.

June 1, 1777.—Brig. Gen. Hand takes command of the fort.

1778.—Gen. McIntosh succeeds Hand.

November, 1781.—Gen. William Irvine takes command.

May 19, 1791.—Maj. Isaac Craig reports Fort Pitt in a ruinous condition.—Builds Fort Lafayette.

September 4, 1805.—The historic site purchased by Gen. James O'Hara.

April 1, 1894.—Mrs. Mary E. Schenley, granddaughter of Gen. James O'Hara, presents Col. Bouquet's Redoubt to the Daughters of the American Revolution of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.



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FORT DUQUESNE


Conflicting Claims of France and England in North America.

On maps of British America in the earlier part of the eighteenth century, one sees the eastern coast, from Maine to Georgia, gashed with ten or twelve colored patches, very different in size and shape, and defined more or less distinctly by dividing lines, which in some cases are prolonged westward until they reach the Mississippi, or even across it and stretch indefinitely towards the Pacific.

These patches are the British Provinces, and the western prolongation of their boundary represents their several claims to vast interior tracts founded on ancient grants, but not made good by occupation or vindicated by an exertion of power * * *

Each Province remained in jealous isolation, busied with its own work, growing in strength, in the capacity of self-rule, in the spirit of independence, and stubbornly resisting all exercise of authority from without. If the English-speaking population flowed westward, it was in obedience to natural laws, for the King did not aid the movement, and the royal Governor had no authority to do so. The power of the colonies was that of a rising flood, slowly invading and conquering by the unconscious force of its own growing volume, unless means be found to hold it back by dams and embankments within appointed limits.

In the French colonies it was different. Here the representatives of the crown were men bred in the atmosphere of broad ambition and masterful, far-reaching enterprise. They studied the strong and weak points of their rivals, and with a cautious forecast and a daring energy set themselves to the task of defeating them. If the English colonies were comparatively strong in numbers these numbers could not be brought into action, while if French forces were small they were vigorously commanded and always ready at a word. It was union confronting division, energy confronting apathy, and military centralization opposed to industrial democracy, and for a time the advantage was all on one side. Yet in view of what France had achieved, of the patient gallantry of her explorers, the zeal of her missionaries, the adventurous hardihood of her bush-rangers, revealing to mankind the existence of this wilderness world, while her rivals plodded at their workshops, their farms, their fisheries; in view of all this, her pretensions were moderate and reasonable compared to those of England.


Forks of the Ohio.—Washington's First Visit.

The Treaty of Utrecht had decided that the Iroquois or Five Nations were British subjects; therefore it was insisted that all countries conquered by them belonged to the British crown. The range of the Iroquois war parties was prodigious, and the English laid claim to every mountain, forest and prairie where an Iroquois had taken a scalp. This would give them not only all between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, but all between Ottawa and Huron, leaving nothing to France but the part now occupied by the Province of Quebec.

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, and that of Aix la Chapelle in 1748, were supposed to settle the disputed boundaries of the French and English possessions in America; France, however, repented of her enforced concessions, and claimed the whole American continent as hers, except a narrow strip of sea-coast. To establish this boundary, it was resolved to build a line of forts from Canada to the Mississippi, following the Ohio, for they perceived that the "Forks of the Ohio," so strangely neglected by the English, formed together with Niagara the key of the great West.

This chain of forts began at Niagara; then another was built of squared logs at Presque Isle (now Erie), and a third called Fort Le Boeuf, on what is now called French Creek. Here the work stopped for a time, and Lagardeur de St. Pierre went into winter quarters with a small garrison at Fort Le Boeuf.

On the 11th of

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