قراءة كتاب The Life of John Marshall, Volume 1: Frontiersman, soldier, lawmaker, 1755-1788
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The Life of John Marshall, Volume 1: Frontiersman, soldier, lawmaker, 1755-1788
Virginia; Dr. Samuel Eliot Morison, of Boston, Massachusetts, and Professor Charles William Dabney, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Complete copies of the highly valuable correspondence of Mrs. Edward Carrington were supplied by Mr. John B. Minor, of Richmond, Virginia, and by Mr. Carter H. FitzHugh, of Lake Forest, Illinois. Without the material thus generously opened to me, this narrative of Marshall's life would have been more incomplete than it is and many statements in it would, necessarily, have been based on unsupported tradition.
Among the many who have aided me, Judge James Keith, of Richmond, Virginia, until recently President of the Court of Appeals of Virginia; Judge J. K. M. Norton and the late Miss Nannie Burwell Norton of Alexandria, Virginia; Mr. William Marshall Bullitt, of Louisville, Kentucky; Mr. Thomas Marshall Smith, of Baltimore, Maryland; Mr. and Mrs. Alexander H. Sands; Mr. W. P. Taylor and Dr. H. Norton Mason, of Richmond, Virginia; Mr. Lucien Keith, Mr. William Horgan, and Mr. William C. Marshall, of Warrenton, Virginia; Judge Henry H. Downing and Mr. Aubrey G. Weaver, of Front Royal, Virginia, have rendered notable assistance in the gathering of data.
I am under particular obligations to Miss Emily Harvie for the use of the striking miniature of Marshall, the reproduction of which appears as the frontispiece to the first volume; to Mr. Roland Gray, of Boston, for the right to reproduce the portrait by Jarvis as the frontispiece of the second volume; to Mr. Douglas H. Thomas of Baltimore, Maryland, for photographs of the portraits of William Randolph, Mary Isham, and Mary Randolph Keith; and to Mr. Charles Edward Marshall, of Glen Mary, Kentucky, for permission to photograph the portrait of Colonel Thomas Marshall.
The large number of citations has made abbreviations necessary. At the end of each volume will be found a careful explanation of references, giving the full title of the work cited, together with the name of the author or editor, and a designation of the edition used.
The index has been made by Mr. David Maydole Matteson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his careful work has added to whatever of value these volumes possess.
Albert J. Beveridge
CONTENTS
| I. | ANCESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT | 1 |
| The defeat of Braddock—Influence on American opinion—Washington's heroism—Effect on Marshall's parents—Marshall's birth—American solidarity the first lesson taught him—Marshall's ancestry—Curious similarity to that of Jefferson, to whom he was related—The paternal line: the "Marshall legend"—Maternal line: the Randolphs, the Ishams, and the Keiths—Character of Marshall's parents—Colonial Virginia society—Shiftless agriculture and abundant land—Influence of slavery—Jefferson's analysis—Drinking heavy and universal—Education of the gentry and of the common people—The social divisions—Causes of the aristocratic tone of Virginia society—The backwoodsmen—Their character—Superiority of an occasional frontier family—The Marshalls of this class—The illustrious men produced by Virginia just before the Revolution. | ||
| II. | A FRONTIER EDUCATION | 33 |
| Marshall's wilderness birthplace—His father removes to the Blue Ridge—The little house in "The Hollow"—Neighbors few and distant—Daily life of the frontier family—Marshall's delight in nature—Effect on his physical and mental development—His admiration for his father—The father's influence over and training of his son—Books: Pope's Poems—Marshall commits to memory at the age of twelve many passages—The "Essay on Man"—Marshall's father an assistant of Washington in surveying the Fairfax grant—Story of Lord Fairfax—His influence on Washington and on Marshall's father—Effect on Marshall—His father elected Burgess from Fauquier County—Vestryman, Sheriff, and leading man of his county—He buys the land in "The Hollow"—John Thompson, deacon, teaches Marshall for a year—His father buys more land and removes to Oak Hill—Subscribes to the first American edition of Blackstone—Military training interferes with Marshall's reading of Blackstone—He is sent to Campbell's Academy for a few months—Marshall's father as Burgess supports Patrick Henry, who defeats the tidewater aristocracy in the Robinson loan-office contest—Henry offers his resolutions on the Stamp Act: "If this be treason, make the most of it"—Marshall's father votes with Henry—1775 and Henry's "Resolutions for Arming and Defense"—His famous speech: "Give me liberty or give me death"—Marshall's father again supports Henry—Marshall learns from his father of these great events—Father and son ready to take the field against the British. | ||
| III. | A SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION | 69 |
| The "Minute Men" of Virginia—Lieutenant John Marshall drills his company and makes a war speech—His appearance in his nineteenth year—Uniforms of the frontier—The sanguinary fight at Great Bridge—Norfolk—The Marshalls in the Continental service, the father as major, the son as lieutenant—Condition of the army—Confusion of authority—Unreliability of militia "who are here to-day and gone to-morrow"—Fatal effect of State control—Inefficiency and powerlessness of Congress—Destitution of the troops: "our sick naked and well naked"—Officers resign, privates desert—The harsh discipline required: men whipped, hanged, and shot—Impression on Marshall—He is promoted to be captain-lieutenant—The march through disaffected Philadelphia—Marshall one of picked men forming the light infantry—Iron Hill—The battle of the Brandywine—Marshall's father and his Virginians prevent entire disaster—Marshall's part in the battle—The retreat—The weather saves the Americans—Marshall one of rear guard under Wayne—The army recovers and tries to stop the British advance—Confused by false reports of the country people who are against the patriots "almost to a man"—Philadelphia falls—The battle of Germantown—Marshall at the bloodiest point of the fight—The retreat of the beaten Americans—Unreasonable demands of "public opinion"—Further decline of American fortunes—Duché's letter to Washington: "How fruitless the expense of blood"—Washington faces the British—The impending battle—Marshall's vivid description—The British withdraw. | ||