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قراءة كتاب International Law. A Treatise. Volume II (of 2) War and Neutrality. Second Edition
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International Law. A Treatise. Volume II (of 2) War and Neutrality. Second Edition
INTERNATIONAL LAW
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
INTERNATIONAL LAW
VOL. I.—PEACE
2nd Edition
8vo. 18s. net
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
INTERNATIONAL LAW A TREATISE VOL. II. WAR AND NEUTRALITY SECOND EDITION BY L. OPPENHEIM, M.A., LL.D.
WHEWELL PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF JURISPRUDENCE AT MADRID
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1912
All rights reserved
Transcriber's Note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Links have been provided to the first volume of this two-volume work, see International Law. A Treatise. Vol. I--Peace. Second Edition, by Lassa Oppenheim, M.A., LL.D., gutenberg ebooks 41046. Although we verify the correctness of these links at the time of posting, these links may not work, for various reasons, for various people, at various times.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The course of events since 1906, when the second volume of this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated, as in the case of the first volume, the thorough revision of the text, the rewriting of many portions, and the discussion of a number of new topics. The additions to this volume are even more numerous than those to the first, with the consequence that, in spite of the typographical devices explained in the preface to the second edition of the first volume, the text of this volume has been increased by one hundred pages. The increase is, in some measure, due to the fact that the thirteen Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, and, further, the Declaration of London, are fully discussed and expounded. But the increase is also due to the fact that a number of other new topics have been discussed; I will only mention the questions whether enemy subjects have persona standi in judicio (§ 100a), and whether trading with enemy subjects is permitted (§ 101).
The system of the work, with but occasional slight alterations in arrangement and the headings of the sections, remains the same. In those cases, however, in which a portion had to be entirely rewritten—as, for instance, that on Enemy Character, that on Commencement of War, and that on Unneutral Service—the arrangement of the topics differs from that in the first edition, and the headings of the sections also differ. Apart from many new sections, a whole chapter treating of the proposed International Prize Court has been added at the end of the volume.
Since some of the Conventions produced by the Second Peace Conference, and, further, the Declaration of London, have not yet been ratified, the task of the writer of a comprehensive treatise on International Law is very difficult: he must certainly not treat the rules in these unratified documents as law, but, on the other hand, he must not ignore them. For this reason the right method seemed to be to give everywhere the law hitherto prevailing, and to give also the changes in the law which are proposed by these unratified documents. I venture to hope that this method will enable the reader to form a judgment of his own with regard to the merits of the Declaration of London. I have not concealed my conviction that the ratification of this Declaration would mark great progress in the development of International Law, since it offers a common agreement upon a number of subjects concerning which there has been hitherto much discord both in theory and practice. But I have endeavoured to put the matter impartially before the reader, and I have taken special care to draw attention to very numerous points which have not been settled by the Declaration of London.
In revising and rewriting this volume I have remained true to the principle of impartiality, neither taking the part of any one nation, nor denouncing any other. The discredit which International Law concerning War and Neutrality suffers in the minds of certain sections of the public is largely due to the fact that many writers have not in the past approached the subject with that impartial and truly international spirit which is indispensable for its proper treatment.
Many friends of the book have asked that the second edition might, in the Appendix, offer an English translation of the French texts concerned. I was prepared to accede to their request, but had to abstain from doing so on account of the fact that the addition of a translation would have made the volume too bulky for convenience; the new Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, the Declaration of London together with the Report of the Drafting Committee of the Naval Conference of London, the Naval Prize Bill of 1911, and the Geneva Convention Act of 1911, all of which necessarily had to be added, having increased the Appendix very considerably.
It has been the aim of my assistants and myself to make the quotations in this and the preceding volume as correct as possible. However, considering that there are many thousands of citations, it would be a miracle if there were not numerous mistakes and misprints in them, in spite of the great care which has been bestowed upon the matter. I shall be most grateful, therefore, if readers will kindly draw my attention to any inaccuracy they may notice.
My thanks are once more due to reviewers and readers who have drawn my attention to mistakes and misprints in the first edition; and I am again indebted to Miss B. M. Rutter and Mr. C. F. Pond for their valuable assistance in reading the proofs and in drawing up the Table of Cases and the alphabetical Index.
L. OPPENHEIM.
Whewell House,
Cambridge,
June 1, 1912.
ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC., QUOTED IN THE TEXT
The books referred to in the bibliography and notes are, as a rule, quoted with their full titles and the date of their publication. But certain books, periodicals, and Conventions which are very often referred to throughout this work are quoted in an abbreviated form, as follows:—
A.J. = The American Journal of International Law.
Annuaire = Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International.
Ariga = Ariga, La Guerre Russo-Japonaise (1908).
Barboux = Barboux, Jurisprudence Du Conseil Des Prises Pendant La Guerre De 1870-71 (1871).
Barclay, = Barclay, Problems of International Practice Problems and Diplomacy (1907).
Bernsten = Bernsten, Das Seekriegsrecht (1911).
Bluntschli = Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisirten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt, 3rd ed. (1878).
Boeck = Boeck, De La Propriété Privée Ennemie Sous Pavillon Ennemi (1882).
Boidin = Boidin, Les Lois De La Guerre et Les Deux Conférences De La Haye (1908).
Bonfils = Bonfils, Manuel De Droit International Public, 6th ed. by Fauchille (1912).
Bordwell = Bordwell, The Law of War between Belligerents (1908).
Bulmerincq = Bulmerincq, Das Völkerrecht (1887).
Calvo = Calvo, Le Droit International, etc., 5th ed., 6 vols. (1896).
Convention I. = Hague Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes.
Convention II. = Hague Convention respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the recovery of contract debts.
Convention III. = Hague Convention relative to the commencement of hostilities.
Convention IV. = Hague Convention concerning the laws and customs of war on land.
Convention V. = Hague Convention respecting the rights and duties of neutral Powers and persons in war on land.
Convention VI. = Hague Convention relative to the status of enemy merchantmen at the outbreak of hostilities.
Convention VII. = Hague Convention relative to the conversion of merchantmen into men-of-war.
Convention VIII. = Hague Convention concerning the laying of automatic submarine contact mines.
Convention IX. = Hague Convention respecting bombardment by naval forces in time of war.
Convention X. = Hague Convention for the adaptation of the principles of the Geneva Convention to maritime war.
Convention XI. = Hague Convention concerning certain restrictions on the exercise of the right of capture in maritime war.
Convention XII. = Hague Convention concerning the establishment of an International Prize Court.
Convention XIII. = Hague Convention respecting the rights and duties of neutral Powers in maritime war.
Despagnet = Despagnet, Cours De Droit International Public, 4th ed. by de Boeck (1910).
Deuxième Conférence, = Deuxième Conférence Internationale De Actes La Paix, Actes et Documents, 3 vols. (1908-1909).
Dupuis = Dupuis, Le Droit De La Guerre Maritime D'après Les Doctrines Anglaises Contemporaines (1899).
Dupuis, Guerre = Dupuis, Le Droit De La Guerre Maritime D'après Les Conférences de la Haye et de Londres (1911).
Field = Field, Outlines of an International Code, 2 vols. (1872-1873).
Fiore = Fiore, Nouveau Droit International Public, deuxième édition, traduite de l'Italien et annotée par Antoine, 3 vols. (1885).
Fiore, Code = Fiore, Le Droit International Codifié, nouvelle édition, traduite de l'Italien par Antoine (1911).
Gareis = Gareis, Institutionen des Völkerrechts, 2nd ed. (1901).
Gessner = Gessner, Le Droit Des Neutres Sur Mer (1865).
Grotius = Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625).
Hague = Hague Regulations respecting the Laws Regulations and Customs of War on Land, adopted by the Hague Peace Conference of 1907.
Hall = Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed. (1895).
Halleck = Halleck, International Law, 3rd English ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 2 vols. (1893).
Hartmann = Hartmann, Institutionen des praktischen Völkerrechts in Friedenszeiten (1874).
Hautefeuille = Hautefeuille, Des Droits Et Des Devoirs Des Nations Neutres En Temps De Guerre Maritime, 3 vols. 2nd ed. (1858).
Heffter = Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, 8th ed. by Geffcken (1888).
Heilborn, Rechte = Heilborn, Rechte und Pflichten der Neutralen Staaten in Bezug auf die während des Krieges auf ihr Gebiet übertretenden Angehörigen einer Armee und das dorthin gebrachte Kriegsmaterial der Kriegführenden Parteien (1888).
Heilborn, System = Heilborn, Das System des Völkerrechts entwickelt aus den völkerrechtlichen Begriffen (1896).
Higgins = Higgins, The Hague Peace Conferences (1909).
Holland, Prize = Holland, A Manual of Naval Prize Law Law (1888).
Holland, Studies = Holland, Studies in International Law (1898).
Holland, Jurisprudence = Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, 6th ed. (1893).
Holland, War = Holland, The Laws of War on Land (1908).
Holtzendorff = Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Völkerrechts, 4 vols. (1885-1889).
Kleen = Kleen, Lois et Usages De La Neutralité, 2 vols. (1900).
Klüber = Klüber, Europäisches Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. by Morstadt (1851).
Kriegsbrauch = Kriegsbrauch im Landkriege (1902). (Heft 31 der kriegsgeschichtlichen Einzelschriften, herausgegeben vom Grossen Generalstabe, Kriegsgeschichtliche Abtheilung I.).
Land Warfare = Edmonds and Oppenheim, Land Warfare. An Exposition of the Laws and Usages of War on Land for the Guidance of Officers of His Majesty's Army (1912).
Lawrence = Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, 4th ed. (1910).
Lawrence, Essays = Lawrence, Essays on some Disputed Questions of Modern International Law (1884).
Lawrence, War = Lawrence, War and Neutrality in the Far East, 2nd ed. (1904).
Lémonon = Lémonon, La Seconde Conférence De La Paix (1908).
Liszt = Liszt, Das Völkerrecht, 6th ed. (1910).
Longuet = Longuet, Le Droit Actuel De La Guerre Terrestre (1901).
Lorimer = Lorimer, The Institutes of International Law, 2 vols. (1883-1884).
Maine = Maine, International Law, 2nd ed. (1894).
Manning = Manning, Commentaries on the Law of Nations, new ed. by Sheldon Amos (1875).
Martens = Martens, Völkerrecht, German translation of the Russian original, 2 vols. (1883).
Martens, G. F. = G. F. Martens, Précis Du Droit Des Gens Moderne De l'Europe, nouvelle éd. by Vergé, 2 vols. (1858).
Martens, R. }
Martens, N.R. }
Martens, N.S. }
Martens, N.R.G. }
Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. }
Martens. N.R.G. 3rd Ser. } These are the abbreviated quotations of the different parts of Martens, Recueil de Traités (see p. 102 of vol. i.), which are in common use.
Martens, Causes = Martens, Causes Célèbres du Droit des Célèbres Gens, 5 vols., 2nd ed. (1858-1861).
Mérignhac = Mérignhac, Les Lois Et Coutumes De La Guerre Sur Terre (1903).
Meurer = Meurer, Die Haager Friedenskonferenz, 2 vols. (1905-1907).
Moore = Moore, A Digest of International Law, 8 vols., Washington (1906).
Moore, Arbitrations = Moore, History and Digest of the Arbitrations to which the United States have been a Party, 6 vols. (1898).
Nippold = Nippold, Die Zweite Haager Friedenskonferenz, 2 vols. (1908-1911).
Nys =