forces, it is hard to see how it has maintained itself, for it expresses them in an erroneous manner—Pretended distinction between religion and mythology

78 III.—Naturism does not explain the division of things into sacred and profane 84 CHAPTER IV
Totemism as an Elementary Religion I.—Brief history of the question of totemism 88 II.—Reasons of method for which our study will be given specially to the totemism of Australia—The place which will be given to facts from America 93
BOOK II
THE ELEMENTARY BELIEFS CHAPTER I
Totemic Beliefs
The Totem as Name and as Emblem I.—Definition of the clan—The totem as name of the clan—Nature of the things which serve as totems—Ways in which the totem is acquired—The totems of phratries; of matrimonial classes 102 II.—The totem as emblem—Totemic designs engraved or carved upon objects; tatooings or designs upon the body 113 III.—Sacred character of the totemic emblem—The churinga—The nurtunja—The waninga—Conventional character of totemic emblems 119 CHAPTER II
Totemic Beliefs—(continued)
The Totemic Animal and Man I.—Sacred character of the totemic animals—Prohibition to eat them, kill them or pick the totemic plants—Different moderations given these prohibitions—Prohibition of contact—The sacred character of the animal is less marked than that of the emblem 128 II.—The man—His relationship with the totemic animal or plant—Different myths explaining this relationship—The sacred character of the man is more apparent in certain parts of the organism: the blood, hair, etc.—How this character varies with sex and age—Totemism is not plant or animal worship 134 CHAPTER III
Totemic Beliefs—(continued)
The Cosmological System of Totemism and the Idea of Class I.—The classification of things into clans, phratries and classes 141 II.—Genesis of the notion of class: the first classifications of things take their forms from society—Differences between the sentiment of the differences of things and the idea of class—Why this is of social origin 144 III.—Religious significance of these classifications: all of the things classified into a clan partake of the nature of the totem and its sacred character—The cosmological system of totemism—Totemism as the tribal religion 148 CHAPTER IV
Totemic Beliefs—(end)
The Individual Totem and the Sexual Totem I.—Individual totem as a forename; its sacred character—Individual totem as personal emblem—Bonds between the man and his individual totem—Relations with the collective totem 157 II.—The totems of sexual groups—Resemblances and differences with the collective and individual totems—Their tribal nature 165 CHAPTER V
Origins of these Beliefs
Critical Examination of Preceding Theories I.—Theories which derive totemism from a previous religion: from the ancestor cult (Wilken and Tylor); from the nature cult (Jevons)—Criticism of these theories 168 II.—Theories which derive collective totemism from individual totemism—Origins attributed by these theories to the individual totem (Frazer, Boas, Hill Tout)—Improbability of these hypotheses—Reasons showing the priority of the collective totem 172 III.—Recent theory of Frazer: conceptional and local totemism—The begging of the question upon which it rests—The religious character of the totem is denied—Local totemism is not primitive 180 IV.—Theory of Lang: that the totem is only a name—Difficulties in explaining the religious character of totemic practices from this point of view