XIX. VORONTSOV AND HIS ‘SURPLUS’ 276 XX. NIKOLAYON 284 XXI. STRUVE’S ‘THIRD PERSONS’ AND ‘THREE WORLD EMPIRES’ 292 XXII. BULGAKOV AND HIS COMPLETION OF MARX’S ANALYSIS 298 XXIII. TUGAN BARANOVSKI AND HIS ‘LACK OF PROPORTION’ 311 XXIV. THE END OF RUSSIAN ‘LEGALIST’ MARXISM 324
SECTION THREE THE HISTORICAL CONDITIONS OF ACCUMULATION
XXV. CONTRADICTIONS WITHIN THE DIAGRAM OF ENLARGED REPRODUCTION page 329 XXVI. THE REPRODUCTION OF CAPITAL AND ITS SOCIAL SETTING 348 XXVII. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST NATURAL ECONOMY 368 XXVIII. THE INTRODUCTION OF COMMODITY ECONOMY 386 XXIX. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST PEASANT ECONOMY 395 XXX. INTERNATIONAL LOANS 419 XXXI. PROTECTIVE TARIFFS AND ACCUMULATION 446 XXXII. MILITARISM AS A PROVINCE OF ACCUMULATION 454 INDEX 469

---

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE

This is an original translation not only of the main body of the work but also of a number of quotations from foreign authors. Page references thus usually indicate the original foreign sources.

In so far as possible, however, I have availed myself of existing translations and have referred to the following standard works:

Karl Marx: Capital, vol. i (transl. by Moore-Aveling, London, 1920); vol. ii (transl. by E. Untermann, Chicago, 1907); vol. iii (transl. by E. Untermann, Chicago, 1909)

The Poverty of Philosophy (translator’s name not given, London, 1936).

Sismondi’s introduction to the second edition of Nouveaux Principes is quoted from M. Mignet’s translation of selected passages by Sismondi, entitled Political Economy and the Philosophy of Government, London, 1847. No English translation exists of Marx’s Theorien über den Mehrwert.

Unfortunately, not all the West European texts, and none of the Russian—except Engels’ correspondence with Nikolayon—were accessible to me, and I regret having been unable to trace some quotations and check up on others. In such cases, the English version follows the German text and will at least bring out the point the author wanted to make.

To save the reader grappling with unfamiliar concepts, I have converted foreign currencies and measures into their English equivalents, at the following rates:

20 marks—25 francs—$5—£1 (gold standard); 1 hectare—(roughly) 2·5 acres; 1 kilometre—⁵⁄₈ mile.

I am glad of this opportunity to express my gratitude to Dr. W. Stark and Mrs. J. Robinson for the helpful criticism and appreciation with which my work has met.

AGNES SCHWARZSCHILD

---

A NOTE ON ROSA LUXEMBURG

Rosa Luxemburg was born on 5 March 1870, at Zamosc, a little town of Russian Poland, not far from the city of Lublin. She came from a fairly well-to-do family of Jewish merchants, and soon showed the two outstanding traits which were to characterise all her life and work: a high degree of intelligence, and a burning thirst for social justice which led her, while still a schoolgirl, into the revolutionary camp. Partly to escape the Russian police, partly to complete her education, she went to Zurich and studied there the sciences of law and economics. Her doctoral dissertation dealt with the industrial development of Poland and showed up the vital integration of Polish industry with the wider economic system of metropolitan Russia. It was a work not only of considerable promise, but already of solid and substantial achievement.

Her doctorate won, Rosa Luxemburg looked around for a promising field of work and decided to go to Germany, whose working-class movement seemed destined to play a leading part in the future history of international socialism. She settled there in 1896, and two years later contracted a formal marriage with a German subject which secured her against the danger of forcible deportation to Russia. Now, at that moment the German Social-Democratic Party was in the throes of a serious crisis. In 1899, Eduard Bernstein published his well-known work Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie, which urged the party to drop its revolutionary jargon and to work henceforth for tangible social reforms within the given economic set-up, instead of trying to bring about its final and forcible overthrow. This ‘reformism’ or ‘revisionism’ seemed to Rosa Luxemburg a base as well as a foolish doctrine, and she published in the same year a pamphlet Sozialreform oder