قراءة كتاب Variation in the Muscles and Nerves of the Leg in Two Genera of Grouse (Tympanuchus and Pedioecetes)

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Variation in the Muscles and Nerves of the Leg in Two Genera of Grouse (Tympanuchus and Pedioecetes)

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المؤلف:

Holmes E Bruce

دار النشر: Project Gutenberg

الصفحة رقم: 5

cruris medialis (in part), caudofemoralis, flexor perforatus digiti IV, and tibialis anticus. × 1.

402 Fig. 18. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: patellar tendon, iliacus, iliotrochantericus medius, flexor cruris lateralis, flexor cruris medialis, flexor ischiofemoralis, adductor superficialis, femorocruralis, gastrocnemius pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III, flexor perforatus digiti II, flexor hallucis longus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus, and extensor digitorum longus. × 1. 403 Fig. 19. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. A. Posterior view of the muscles of the left shank. The following shank muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: gastrocnemius pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III, and flexor perforatus digiti II. × 1. B. Posterior view of the proximal end of the shank, showing the most deeply situated muscle. × 1. C. Lateral view of the head of the left femur and the middle part of the pelvis, showing the deepest part of M. obturator. × 1. D. Medial view of the posteroventral part of the left side of the pelvis, showing the intrapelvic part of M. obturator. × 1. E. Anterior view of the left tarsometatarsus, showing the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot. × 1½. F. Posterior view of the left tarsometatarsus, showing the ventral intrinsic muscles of the foot. × 1½. 404 Fig. 20. A-D. Dorsal views of M. iliotrochantericus medius, showing its relationship to femoral notch. × 1. In D, note absence of femoral notch and location of branch of femoral nerve. A. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. B. T. cupido pinnatus 4L. C. Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 1L. D. T. pallidicinctus 3L.
E. Medial view of distal end of M. flexor cruris medialis of P. p. jamesi 4L. × 1. Part of insertion is covered by medial collateral ligament.
F,G. Lateral views of posteroproximal corner of M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis (removed from specimen). × 1. F. T. pallidicinctus 2L. G. P. p. jamesi 3L.
H,I. Dorsolateral views of M. piriformis. × 1. H. P. p. jamesi 1L. I. T. cupido attwateri 1L.
J. Lateral view of M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis (removed from specimen) of T. c. pinnatus 4L. × 1. K. Lateral view of extrapelvic part of M. obturator of T. pallidicinctus 3L (bones not shown). × 2.
L,M. Region surrounding obturator foramen of T. pallidicinctus 3L, showing points of attachment of three parts of M. obturator (muscles removed). × 3. L. Lateral view. M. Medial view.
N. Anterior view of left tarsometatarsus of P. p. jamesi 4L, showing dorsal intrinsic muscles of foot. × 1½. Tendon of M. extensor digitorum longus has been removed. 406

INTRODUCTION

The purposes of this study were: (1) to obtain information on individual variation in the anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the leg of Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (Greater Prairie Chicken), T. c. attwateri (Attwater's Prairie Chicken), T. pallidicinctus (Lesser Prairie Chicken), and Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi (Sharp-tailed Grouse); (2) to determine whether or not the two species of the genus Tympanuchus differ constantly in the myology of the leg; and (3) to determine what constant differences in the myology of the leg exist between the two closely related genera Tympanuchus and Pedioecetes.

These particular birds were chosen because they are closely related, and closely resemble one another in habitats occupied and in patterns of behavior. It was desired to study examples that showed as few adaptive differences as possible among the grouse. Series of each of the three species of grouse were readily obtainable, making it possible to draw comparisons at the level of individuals, subspecies, species, and genera.

The study here reported on was begun in the spring of 1957 and was completed in the autumn of 1961.

Prior work on the muscles of the leg of birds has been reviewed by Hudson (1937) and Hudson, et al. (1959). Only papers dealing with the innervation of the leg in birds are reviewed below.

DeMan (1873) treated the nerves of Paradisea papuana, Corvus monedula, and the chicken; he also commented briefly on a few other species. Jhering (Ihering, 1873) briefly described the lumbosacral plexus in approximately a dozen birds, but illustrated only two. Gadow (1880) described the nerves in Struthio, Rhea, and Casuarius; his paper contains some excellent illustrations of nerves. Unfortunately, the text is marred by numerous confusing typographical errors. Carlsson (1884) described the nerves of Eudyptes chrysolopha, Alca torda, Mergulus alle, and Mormon arcticus. Gadow (1891) described the nerves in a study that included a large variety of birds, but published few illustrations. DuToit (1913) described the lumbosacral plexus of the chicken. Romer (1927) gave the innervation of the hip and thigh muscles in the chicken, but did not cover the lumbosacral plexus. Appleton (1928) gave the innervation, in various birds, only of those muscles of the hip and thigh that are supplied by the tibial and peroneal nerves; he did not include the lumbosacral plexus. Sudilovskaya (1931) described the nerves of Struthio, Rhea, and Dromaeus (Dromiceius). Unfortunately, his illustrations are almost useless as far as the nerves are concerned. Boas (1933) described the lumbosacral plexus in a large number of birds. His extensive account includes numerous good illustrations. Howell (1938) listed the innervation of the hip and thigh muscles in the chicken; he did not include the lumbosacral plexus. Fisher (1946) listed the innervation of the muscles