class="tdr">105

Charles the Second 111 The Rotiers' Medals 124 The Duke of Richmond 131 The Chevalier de Gramont 144 Count Anthony Hamilton 159 "The Lovely Jennings," Duchess of Tyrconnel 163 The Duke of York 166 Richard Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnel 184 "Wanton Shrewsbury," Anna Maria, Countess of Shrewsbury 193 The Duke of Buckingham 204 The Duke of Shrewsbury 215 "Madame," Duchess of Orleans 221 "Monsieur," Philippe d'Orléans 237 Armand, Comte de Guiche 241 Mademoiselle de la Vallière 246 The Chevalier de Lorraine 266 The Duchess of Portsmouth 271 Louis XIV. 281 Philippe de Vendôme, Grand Prieur 313

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HORTENSE MANCINI, DUCHESSE DE MAZARIN
AN ADVENTURESS OF THE RESTORATION

IT was the dream of Richelieu, as everybody knows, to make the French monarchy independent and absolute. This dream was only half realised when the Cardinal died, but as he was too astute not to foresee that after his death there would be a violent reaction against his policy, he had sought a successor who would be capable of finishing what he was obliged to leave undone. He found the man he wanted in an obscure Italian, who proved in the end to be even more subtle and slippery than his Eminence Rouge himself. It was not so much hatred of Mazarin that inspired the civil war with which France was rent during the childhood of Louis XIV. as inarticulate hatred of Richelieu's statecraft. The Fronde was the dernière espérance of a proud and turbulent nobility bent on reducing their King to the condition of a Venetian doge. This revolt against the throne ended with the complete triumph of Mazarin—a triumph embellished by the passion with which he inspired the haughty, treacherous Anne of Austria. There are men who on finding themselves in his shoes would have given free rein to ambition and desire. The sly Italian adventurer, however, apparently considered himself sufficiently recompensed by amassing the greatest fortune in Europe and winning the heart of a queen. Having "arrived," as we say nowadays, the Cardinal sent to Rome for the children of his sister, Hieronima Mancini, to come to France and share his prosperity.

Five little girls and a little boy, perfectly beautiful children, according to all accounts, on receipt of this invitation were got ready as soon as possible, and sent off to the Palais Mazarin in Paris, where they had a king and his brother for playmates. Few children ever had more splendid advantages—certainly no children in that day—and none ever benefited less by them. Perhaps it was not altogether their fault, for though affectionate and intelligent they were afflicted with an incurable spiritual infirmity. The Mancinis altogether lacked the moral sense. Furthermore, the system of education to which they were subjected, with its espionage and inducements to deceit, coupled with the demoralising mixture of indulgence and severity with which their uncle treated them, was anything but calculated to correct the faults of nature. These