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قراءة كتاب Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence With a Brief Sketch of Welsh History
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Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence With a Brief Sketch of Welsh History
for his invaluable and exhaustive history of Henry IV.; not merely for the information contained in the text of his book, but for his copious notes which have been most helpful in indicating many sources of information connected with the persons and events of the time. The following are some of the chief works consulted: Dr. Powell’s translation of Humphrey Lloyd’s History of Wales from the chronicle of Caradoc of Llancarvan, Ellis’ original letters, Annales Cambriæ, Rymer’s Fœdera, Williams’ History of Wales, Warrington’s History of Wales, Tyler’s Henry V., Adam of Usk, Matthew of Paris, Hardyng’s and other chronicles, Giraldus Cambrensis, the historians Carte, Walsingham, and Holinshed, Bridgeman’s Princes of South Wales, Lloyd’s History of the Princes of Powys Fadog, the Iolo MSS., Owen’s Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales, Archæologia Cambrensis, the Brut, and, of course, the Rolls series. Among living writers who have been helpful in various ways and have my best thanks are Mr. Robert Owen, of Welshpool, the author of Powysland, the Revd. W. G. Dymock Fletcher, of Shrewsbury, who has made a special study of the neighbouring battle-field; Professor Tout, who has published an interesting lecture on Glyndwr and some instructive maps connected with the period; and Mr. Henry Owen, the well known authority on Pembrokeshire and author of Gerald the Welshman; nor must I omit a word of thanks to Mr. Owen Edwards, whose kind encouragement materially influenced my decision to undertake this book.
I am under most particular obligations to that well known Welsh scholar, Mr. T. Marchant Williams, for suggestions and criticisms when the book was still in manuscript, and also to my lamented friend, the late Mr. St. John Boddington, of Huntington Court, Herefordshire, for assistance of a somewhat similar nature.
I am also greatly indebted to Miss Walker, of Corwen, for several photographic scenes in Glyndyfrdwy, which she most kindly took with an especial view to reproduction in these pages, and to Messrs. H. H. Hughes and W. D. Haydon, both of Shrewsbury, who rendered a like service in the matter of Glyndwr’s other residence at Sycherth.
CONTENTS
| CHAPTER I | |
| PAGE | |
| INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| The Romans in Wales—Cunedda—Christianity—Arrival of Saxons—Their Conquest of Severn Valley—The Latin and Welsh Churches—The Three Divisions of Wales—Arrival of Danes—Strathclyde Britons Occupy Vale of Clwyd—Howel Dda and His Laws—Growing Intercourse between Welsh and Saxons—Llewelyn I.—Griffith ap Llewelyn—Harold’s Invasions of Wales—Arrival of Normans—William I. and William Rufus in Wales—Norman Conquest of Glamorgan—The Flemings Settle in Pembroke—Wars between Owen Gwynedd and Henry II.—Howel ap Owen Gwynedd—Dafydd ap Owen Gwynedd—Giraldus Cambrensis on the Welsh—Religious Awakening in the Twelfth Century—Powys and the English Power—Llewelyn the Great, 1195—King John’s Invasion of Wales—Llewelyn recognised as Ruler of All Wales—Dafydd ap Llewelyn Succeeds—He Persecutes his Brother Griffith and Makes War on the English—Henry III. in Wales—Llewelyn ap Griffith, Last Prince in Wales—Long Struggle against Henry III. and Edward I.—Death of Llewelyn and his Brother Dafydd—Final Conquest of Wales—Edward I. Enacts Statutes of Rhuddlan, Builds Castles, and Provides for the Future Government of the Country—Wales between the Conquest and Glyndwr’s Rising. | |
| CHAPTER II | |
| BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE, 1359-1399 | 82 |
| Owen’s Birth and Descent—His Youth—His Connection with Henry IV. and Richard II.—Sycherth—Glyndyfrdwy—Marriage—Family. | |
| CHAPTER III | |
| GLYNDWR AND LORD GREY OF RUTHIN, 1400-1401 | 110 |
| Lord Grey of Ruthin—Anglo-Welsh Towns—Owen’s Unsuccessful Lawsuit—Contemptuous Treatment by the English Court—Bad Faith of Grey towards Owen—Griffith ap David—Grey Appeals for Aid against Welsh Insurgents—Grey’s Attempt to Capture Owen—Owen Assumes the Leadership—Iolo Goch—Owen Raids Ruthin—The King Invades Wales but to no Purpose—The Prince of Wales Left in Command at Chester—Owen Winters at Glyndyfrdwy. | |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| OWEN AND THE PERCYS, 1401 | 135 |
| Hotspur in North Wales—Prince Henry—Conway Taken by the Welsh—Retaken by the English—Percy Acts against the Welsh—Owen Goes to Plinlimmon—War Carried to the South—Flemings of Pembroke Defeated by Glyndwr—Owen Triumphs in South Wales—King Henry again Invades Wales—The King in Cardigan—Invasion without Result—The English Army Retires to Shrewsbury—Owen and the Percys—Welsh Social Divisions—Owen Captures Grey at Ruthin—Grey Held to Ransom. | |
| CHAPTER V | |
| THE KING AND HOTSPUR, 1402 | 163 |
| Portents—Bishop Trevor—Howel Sele—Mortimer Defeated at Pilleth, and Taken Prisoner—The King Refuses to Ransom Mortimer—Glyndwr in Carnarvonshire—Great Invasion of Wales by King Henry—Magic and Tempests Overwhelm the English Advance—Defeat of the Scots at Homildon—Hotspur and the King Dispute about Scottish Prisoners—Mortimer Invites His Radnor Tenants to Join Glyndwr. | |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| THE BATTLE OF SHREWSBURY, 1403 | 185 |
| The King in Need of Money—Prince Henry at Shrewsbury—He Destroys Owen’s Property—Letter from the Prince Concerning this—Glyndwr in the Vale of Towy—Victory of Anglo-Flemings near Carmarthen—Urgent Appeal for Royal | |