whole biographical portion of the "Life," contained in his eight folio pages,—the Author's practice being that of introducing some extraneous matter suggested by, but not connected with the subject of the biography. But in the passages quoted the Author's usual carelessness or ignorance is very apparent. His statements of matters of fact, indeed, are never to be relied upon, being seldom confirmed, and often contradicted by better authorities, and instead of a work of National importance, deserving the liberal patronage it received, it is altogether worthless. Thus Mackenzie might have known, that if Hay was "brought up," and "commenced Master of Arts," at a University in Scotland, it could not have been at Aberdeen, which was not founded until the year 1494; and that if Hay was Chamberlain to a King of France, it could not have been Charles the Sixth, whose reign extended from the year 1380 to 1422. The concluding notice of the supposed time of Hay's death, "towards the latter end of the 14th century," is obviously a clerical error for the 15th century. Instead, however, of favouring the reader with an abridged history of the Kings of France, or some other discursive topic, Dr Mackenzie has in this instance deviated from his ordinary practice, and given a careful and detailed analysis of a Manuscript volume in his own possession, containing three works translated from the French by Sir Gilbert Hay; and this may be instanced as one of the few actual contributions to the Literary History of Scotland, contained in his three folio volumes. It may here be quoted, omitting a somewhat confused and inaccurate account of the original author Honorè Bonnor or Bonnet, Prior of Sallon.

"The first Book (he says,) contains 10 Chapters, wherein the Author gives the definition of War, according to the Doctors of Civil and Canon Law, and shows that it had its first rise in Heaven betwixt God and his rebellious Angels; then he treats of the bypast persecutions of the Church by way of commentary upon S. John's Vision of the five Angels in the Revelation, and speaking of the fourth Angel, he acknowledges, That there was a woman that was chosen Pope and that she was an English woman: And after Leon, says our translator, "was chosen a woman Pape, not wittand that she was a woman, the quhilk was of England born."

"The second Book contains 18 Chapters, wherein he treats of the destruction of the Four great Empires of the World: The Babylonian begun in the east, in the time of Abraham; the Carthaginian begun in the time of the Judges; the Macedonian begun in the time of the Maccabees; and that of the Roman begun in the time of Achan King of Judea: But he more particularly insists upon the Roman Empire, and shews when the city of Rome was first founded, when they begun their Government by Kings, Senators, Consuls, and Emperors, and of their most memorable or remarkable actions, of the actions of Alexander the Great, and the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire; and concludes with an account of the first rise of government or jurisdiction amongst men, and who were the first Governors or Judges.

"The third Book contains 10 Chapters, wherein he treats of the lawfulness of making of War, and if it be possible for mankind to live without it; how men know when they are justly compell'd to make war; what the marks of true valour and cowardice are; what punishment is due to those that leave the army, without asking permission of their commanders, or fight the enemy, without the orders of their commanders.

"The fourth Book contains 155 Chapters, wherein he treats of the lawful Grounds of War, especially amongst Christians against the Turks, and all Infidels; whether the Emperor can lawfully declare War against the Pope and the Church, and whether the Pope may make War against him; concerning the Duties of Knights, and for what reasons they ought to be punished; concerning the Duties of Generals, and if, when they are taken in battle, they ought to lose their lives or not; whether strength or force be a moral, cardinal, or natural virtue; whether Prisoners that are taken in War belong to those that take them, or to the Princes to whom the armies in which they are taken belongs; whether Vassals should serve in the army upon their own or their Prince's expences; if a Baron be obliged to serve his King but only in his own wars; whether two Barons having war against one another, their men are obliged to assist either of them till they receive orders from their King and respective Lords; whether we are bound to defend our neighbours with arms and men when invaded by others, and what the persons are that are obliged to defend one another, and particularly how the vassal is obliged to defend his Lord, the son his father, by the law of Justice; whether he is more bound to defend his father or natural Prince; whether a Clergyman is bound most to assist his father or his Bishop, when a war is declared betwixt them; whether men may make a defensive war for their temporal goods lawfully conquish'd; whether Priests and Clerks may defend their goods by force of arms; whether arms lent and lost in the field of battle ought to be restored; whether arms and horses hired and lost in battle ought to be restored; whether a Knight being robbed in his King's service, he or his King ought to pursue the robbers; whether a man that goes to the wars uncharg'd ought to take wages; whether a Knight serving a King uncharg'd, may lawfully ask wages of him; whether, when the King of Spain sends assistance to the King of France, he ought to ask wages of him; whether a man that goes to the wars out of vain glory, ought to ask wages by the law of Arms; whether a Captain that is robbed obeying his Lord's commands, his Lord ought to restore him his goods or not; whether a man going to the wars for covetousness and robbery, ought to demand wages; whether a Priest or Clergyman may lawfully go to the war or not, concerning the time that men ought to be paid their wages that go to the wars; whether a Warriour that obtains leave to divert and recreat himself for some time, should receive wages for that time; whether a Knight that has taken wages of a King for a year's service, and after three months goes to the service of another Prince, ought to receive wages for the time that he has served; whether a Soldier that has been paid by a Prince for a year's service, may substitute another in his place; whether a Captain may send any of his men away, after he has mustered them in the fields before his Prince; whether a Soldier falling sick in the wars may lawfully ask his wages for all the time that he had been sick; how the goods or spoil that is gained by the army ought to be parted amongst the Soldiers; whether a man may lawfully keep what he takes from a robber that was designed to rob him on the highway; of the lawfulness of the war that is made betwixt two cities that hold of no Sovereign; whether a man may kill a prisoner that delivers himself voluntarly; whether by the Law of Arms, a man may take a ransom of gold or money from his prisoner; whether in a war betwixt England and France, the French may lawfully seize upon the goods of the English husbandmen, and detain their persons prisoners; whether one King may overcome another King lawfully by craft and subtilty; whether it be lawful to fight upon a holyday; whether, when one man wrongs another, he may lawfully recover his own by war or force, before he pursues him legally; whether a Knight that dies in battle, in his Prince's service, is sure of his salvation; whether the righteous or sinners are the most powerful in battle; why there are so many wars in the world; whether one that is taken prisoner, and sworn to keep prison, may lawfully break it, and make his escape, if he finds occasion; whether one that is taken prisoner, and put in a close dark room, and makes his escape, may be said to break prison? Whether a man that's promised safe conduct from one place to another, but has neglected to capitulate for his safe return, may be lawfully detained prisoner? Whether a man that has safe conduct