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قراءة كتاب Mediæval London
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MEDIÆVAL LONDON
London Bridge and the Tower.
from a MS. of the Poems of Charles, Duke of Orleans. British Museum.
MEDIÆVAL LONDON
By
WILLIAM BENHAM, D.D., F.S.A.
Rector of St. Edmund the King, Lombard Street,
and Honorary Canon of Canterbury,
AND
CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A.
Librarian to the Corporation of London.
LONDON
SEELEY AND CO. LIMITED, GREAT RUSSELL STREET
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1901
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| London Bridge and the Tower. From a Manuscript of the Poems of Charles, duke of Orleans. British Museum, 16 F. ii. |
Frontispiece |
| A Tournament. From a Manuscript of the Romance of the Sire Jehan de Saintre. British Museum, Nero D. ix. |
P. 10 |
| Richard II. riding out of London to the War in Ireland. From a Manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles. British Museum, Harl. 4380. |
P. 18 |
| Richard II. delivered by Bolinbroke to the Citizens of London. From a Manuscript of the Metrical History of Richard II. British Museum, Harl. 1319. |
P. 34 |
| The Funeral of Richard II. From a Manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles. British Museum, Harl. 4380. |
P. 74 |
| The Principal Parts of a Pen Drawing of London from Westminster to Greenwich, by Antonie van den Wyngaerde. Bodleian Library, Oxford. |
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| Of this Flemish artist very little is known. There exists a rescript of Philip II. addressed to Margaret of Parma, regent of the Low Countries, giving him permission to remove with his goods and to settle in Spain, from which it is supposed that he was in the King’s service. The drawing was made, probably for Philip, before the fall of the spire of St. Paul’s in 1561. It is unfinished, blank spaces being left for Whitehall, Bridewell, and some other buildings. There are also memoranda on the drawing which show that the artist intended to colour it, leaden roofs, for instance, being marked “blau.” The Bodleian Library possesses forty-seven other drawings of his, two of which are here reproduced: one of Whitehall, intended no doubt to fill the blank space in the large view, and one of Greenwich Palace from the Observatory Hill, which is coloured in a simple manner. It is not improbable that Wyngaerde left England on the death of Queen Mary. A copy of the drawing of London, much altered and embellished, was made and engraved by N. Whittock in 1849. | |
| WESTMINSTER TO CHARING CROSS. THE STRAND. ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. LONDON BRIDGE. BILLINGSGATE AND ST. MARY SPITAL. THE TOWER. GREENWICH PALACE, FROM THE THAMES. GREENWICH PALACE, FROM THE OBSERVATORY HILL. THE PALACE OF WHITEHALL. |
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| Drawings by John Wykeham Archer. British Museum. | |
| John Wykeham Archer (b. 1808, d. 1864), a water-colour painter, engraver, and antiquary, was employed by another antiquary, Mr. W. Twopeny, more than half a century ago, to make twenty drawings yearly of London antiquities, a work which he carried on until his death. Many of the buildings which he drew have since been destroyed, or have undergone restoration. The whole collection was acquired for the British Museum, and fills seventeen portfolios. A very few of the drawings were etched by Archer for his book entitled Vestiges of Old London. | |
| ROMAN BATH IN THE STRAND. 1841. BASTION OF THE CITY WALL IN THE CHURCHYARD OF ST. GILES’S, CRIPPLEGATE. 1841. THE CRYPT OF GUILDHALL. 1842. THE CRYPT OF ST. MICHAEL’S, ALDGATE. 1841. THE CRYPT OF MERCHANT TAYLORS’ HALL. GARDEN HOUSE, CANONBURY, BUILT BY THE LAST PRIOR OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S, SMITHFIELD. 1841. AUSTIN FRIARS. 1842. A CELL IN THE LOLLARDS’ TOWER, LAMBETH. 1841. ENTRANCE TO THE LOLLARDS’ TOWER. 1841. THE GUARD ROOM, LAMBETH. 1841. THE CRYPT OF ST. STEPHEN’S, WESTMINSTER. 1842. GATEWAY OF THE BLOODY TOWER. 1847. MACHINERY FOR RAISING THE PORTCULLIS, TOWER OF LONDON. 1850. WARDERS’ LODGINGS, TOWER OF LONDON. 1847. |
The coloured Illustrations are printed by Mr. Edmund Evans at the Racquet Court Press.
MEDIÆVAL LONDON
CHAPTER I.
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY.
What are the Historical Limits of “Mediæval London?”—Derivation of “London”—The Roman City—Outlying Districts—Decay of Ancient London—Renewal after the English Conquest was Complete—London Christianised—King Alfred’s London—Its Gradual Rise to Supremacy—St. Paul’s Cathedral—William the Conqueror’s London—London in the days of the Plantagenets.—Foundation of Westminster Abbey—Rebuilt by Henry III.—St. Clement Danes—Watling Street—The Folkmote Ground—Cheapside and its Surroundings—The Pageants—The Arches Court—London Wall, the Gates and Towers—City Trees—The Religious Houses—Monasteries—Priories—Colleges—Hospitals—Episcopal Residences—London Outskirts—Notes of Remarkable Events under the Successive Dynasties—Aggas’s Map of London, temp. Queen Elizabeth.
Mediæval London—it is a perfectly distinct and real subject, though it might be difficult to give exact dates of beginning and end. Historical periods glide in, and run their course, and fade away or take fresh shape. Yet we may venture to approximate, and to say with some confidence that Ancient London changed into Mediæval in the days of King Alfred, and passed into Modern with the