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CHAPTER IX. Saxon and Franconian Emperors. Adventures of Otto the Great in Rome 134 Trial and Deposition of Pope John XII 135 Position of Otto in Italy 139 His European Policy 140 Comparison of his Empire with the Carolingian 144 Character and Projects of the Emperor Otto III 146 The Emperors Henry II and Conrad II 150 The Emperor Henry III 151 CHAPTER X. Struggle of the Empire and the Papacy. Origin and Progress of Papal Power 153 Relations of the Popes with the early Emperors 155 Quarrel of Henry IV and Gregory VII 159 Gregory's Ideas 160 Concordat of Worms 163 General Results of the Contest 164 CHAPTER XI. The Emperors in Italy: Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick and the Papacy 167 Revival of the Study of the Roman Law 172 Arnold of Brescia and the Roman Republicans 174 Frederick's Struggle with the Lombard Cities 175 His Policy as German King 178 CHAPTER XII. Imperial Titles and Pretensions. Territorial Limits of the Empire—Its Claims of Jurisdiction over other Countries 182   Hungary 183   Poland 184   Denmark 184   France 185   Sweden 185   Spain 185   England 186   Scotland