href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44138@[email protected]#PRIMITIVE_SOCIETY" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">4. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY—The primitive horde—Its relation to the animal herd—Single family and tribe—Lack of tribal organization.

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF LANGUAGE—Languages of primitive tribes of to-day—The gesture-language of the deaf and dumb, and of certain peoples of nature—natural gesture-language—Its syntax—General conclusions drawn from gesture-language.

6. THE THINKING OF PRIMITIVE MAN—The Soudan languages as examples of relatively primitive modes of thinking—The so-called 'roots' as words—The concrete character of primitive thought—Lack of grammatical categories—Primitive man's thinking perceptual.

7. EARLIEST BELIEFS IN MAGIC AND DEMONS—Indefiniteness of the concept 'religion'—Polytheistic and monotheistic theories of the origin of religion—Conditions among the Pygmies—Belief in magic and demons as the content of primitive thought—Death and sickness—The corporeal soul—Dress and objects of personal adornment as instruments of magic—The causality of magic.

8. THE BEGINNINGS OF ART—The art of dancing among primitive peoples—Its importance as a means of magic—Its accompaniment by noise-instruments—-The dance-song—The beginnings of musical instruments—The bull-roarer and the rattle—Primitive ornamentation—Relation between the imitation of objects and simple geometrical drawings (conventionalization)—The painting of the Bushmen—Its nature as a memorial art.

9. THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE MAN—Freedom from wants—Significance of isolation—Capacity for observation and reflection—No inferiority as to original endowment demonstrable—Negative nature of the morality of primitive man—Dependence upon the environment.

CHAPTER II—THE TOTEMIC AGE

1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM—The word 'totem'—Its significance for cult—Tribal organization and the institution of chieftainship—Tribal wars—Tribal ownership of land—The rise of hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals.

2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE—Australian culture—Its low level of economic life—Its complicated tribal organization—Perfected weapons—Malayo-Polynesian culture—The origin and migrations of the Malays—Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian mythology—The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive features—Perfection of totemic tribal organization—Decline of totem cults—African cultures—Increased importance of cattle raising—Development of despotic forms of rulership—Survivals of totemism in the Asiatic world.

3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION—Similarity in the tribal organizations of the Australians and the American Indians—Totem groups as cult associations—Retrogression in America—The totem animal as a coat of arms—The principle of dual division—Systems consisting of two, four, and eight groups.

4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY—Unlimited and limited exogamy—Direct and indirect maternal or paternal descent—Effects upon marriage between relatives—Hypotheses concerning the origin of exogamy—Hygienic theory—Marriage by capture.

5. MODES OF CONTRACTING MARRIAGE—Marriage by peaceful capture within the same kinship group—Exogamous marriage by barter—Marriage by purchase and marriage by contract—Survivals of marriage by capture.

6. THE CAUSES OF TOTEMIC EXOGAMY—Relation of clan division to totem groups—Totem friendships—Parental and traditional totem alliances—The rise of exogamy with direct and with indirect maternal or paternal descent.

7. THE FORMS OF POLYGAMY—Origin of group-marriage—Chief wife and secondary wives—Polyandry and polygyny and their combination—The prevalence and causes of these forms of marriage.

8. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF TOTEMISM—Two principles of classification—Tribal and individual totemism—Conception and sex totemism—Animal and plant totemism—Inanimate totems (churingas)—Relation to ancestor worship and to fetishism.

9. THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMIC IDEAS—Theories based on names—Spencer and Lang—Frazer's theory of conception totemism as the origin of totemism—The animal transformations of the breath soul—Relations to soul belief—Soul animals as totem animals.

10. THE LAWS OF TABOO—The concept 'taboo'—The taboo in Polynesia—The taboo of mother-in-law and father-in-law—Connection with couvade—The sacred and the impure—Rites of purification—Fire, water, and magical transference.