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قراءة كتاب The Anatomy of Bridgework

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The Anatomy of Bridgework

The Anatomy of Bridgework

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دار النشر: Project Gutenberg
الصفحة رقم: 1


THE
ANATOMY OF BRIDGEWORK

THE
ANATOMY OF BRIDGEWORK

BY

WILLIAM HENRY THORPE
ASSOC. M. INST. C. E.

WITH 103 ILLUSTRATIONS

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London
E. & F. N. SPON, Limited, 57 HAYMARKET
New York
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET
1906

PREFACE

In offering this little book to the reader interested in Bridgework, the author desires to express his acknowledgments to the proprietors of “Engineering,” in which journal the papers first appeared, for their courtesy in facilitating the production in book form.

It may possibly happen that the scanning of these pages will induce others to observe and collect information extending our knowledge of this subject—information which, while familiar to maintenance engineers of experience, has not been so readily available as is desirable.

No theory which fails to stand the test of practical working can maintain its claims to regard; the study of the behaviour of old work has, therefore, a high educational value, and tends to the occasional correction of views which might otherwise be complacently retained.

60 Winsham Street,
Clapham Common, London, S.W.
October, 1906.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—GIRDER BEARINGS.
PAGE
Pressure distribution—Square and skew bearings—Fixed bearings—Knuckles—Rollers—Yield of supports 1
CHAPTER II.
MAIN GIRDERS.
Plate webs: Improper loading of flanges—Twisting of girders—Remedial measures—Cracks in webs—Stiffening of webs—T stiffeners 9
Open webs: Common faults—Top booms—Buckling of bottom booms—Counterbracing—Flat members 17
CHAPTER III.
BRIDGE FLOORS.
Liability to defects—Impact—Ends of cross and longitudinal girders—Awkward riveting—Fixed ends to cross girders—Plated floor—Liberal depths desirable—Type connections—Effect of “skew” on floor—Water-tightness—Drainage—Timber floors—Jack arches—Corrugated sheeting—Ballast—Rail joints—Effect of main girders on floors 20
CHAPTER IV.
BRACING.
Effect of bracing on girders—Influence of skew on bracing—Flat bars—Overhead girders—Main girders stiffened from floor—Stiffening of light girders—Incomplete bracing—Tall piers—Sea piers 34
CHAPTER V.
RIVETED CONNECTIONS.
Latitude in practice—Laboratory experiments—Care in considering practical instances—Main girder web rivets—Lattice girders investigated—Rivets in small girders—Faulty bridge floor—Stresses in rivets—Cross girder connections—Tension in rivets—Defective rivets—Loose rivets—Table of actual rivet stresses—Bearing pressure—Permissible stresses—Proposed table—Immunity of road bridges from loose rivets—Rivet spacing 45
CHAPTER VI.
HIGH STRESS.
Elastic limit—Care in calculation—Impact—Examples of high stress—Early examples of high stress in steel girders—Tabulated examples—General remarks 61
CHAPTER VII.
DEFORMATIONS.
Various kinds—Flexing of girder flanges—Examples—Settlement deformations—Creeping—Temperature changes—Local distortions—Imperfect workmanship—Deformation of cast-iron arches 73
CHAPTER VIII.
DEFLECTIONS.
Differences as between new work and old—Influence of booms and web structure on deflection—Yield of rivets and stiffness of connections—Working formulæ—Set—Effect of floor system—Deflection diagrams—Loads quickly applied—“Drop” loads—Flexible girders—Measuring deflections—New method of observing deflections—Effect of running load 85
CHAPTER IX.
DECAY AND PAINTING.
Examples of rusting of wrought-iron girders—Girder over sea-water—Rate of rusting—Steelwork—Precautions—Red-lead—Repainting—Scraping—Girders built into masonry—Cast iron—Effect of sea-water on cast iron—Examples—Tabulated observations—Percentage of submersion—Quality of metal 96
CHAPTER X.
EXAMINATION, REPAIR, AND STRENGTHENING OF RIVETED BRIDGES.
Purpose—Methods of

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