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قراءة كتاب Every-day Science: Volume VI. The Conquest of Nature
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Every-day Science: Volume VI. The Conquest of Nature
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
Obvious typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
More detail can be found at the end of the book.
A PRIMITIVE USE OF THE ANIMAL MACHINE THAT IS STILL IN VOGUE IN MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
(From the painting by J. Didier, in the Musée du Luxembourg, Paris.)
BY
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D., L.L.D.
ASSISTED BY
EDWARD H. WILLIAMS, M.D.
VOLUME VI
THE CONQUEST OF NATURE
ILLUSTRATED
NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE GOODHUE COMPANY
PUBLISHERS MDCCCCIX
Copyright, 1910, by The Goodhue Co.
All rights reserved
CONTENTS
| ILLUSTRATIONS | vii | |
| THE CONQUEST OF NATURE | 1 | |
| CHAPTER I | MAN AND NATURE | 3 |
| CHAPTER II | HOW WORK IS DONE | 29 |
| CHAPTER III | THE ANIMAL MACHINE | 43 |
| CHAPTER IV | THE WORK OF AIR AND WATER | 62 |
| CHAPTER V | THE STORY OF THE STEAM ENGINE | 79 |
| CHAPTER VI | THE MASTER WORKER | 110 |
| CHAPTER VII | GAS AND OIL ENGINES | 133 |
| CHAPTER VIII | THE SMALLEST WORKERS | 148 |
| CHAPTER IX | MAN'S NEWEST CO-LABORER: THE DYNAMO | 173 |
| CHAPTER X | NIAGARA IN HARNESS | 184 |
| CHAPTER XI | THE BANISHMENT OF NIGHT | 202 |
| CHAPTER XII | THE MINERAL DEPTHS | 242 |
| CHAPTER XIII | THE AGE OF STEEL | 271 |
| CHAPTER XIV | SOME RECENT TRIUMPHS OF APPLIED SCIENCE | 298 |
| APPENDIX | 320 |
CHAPTER I
MAN AND NATURE
The Conquest of Nature, p. 4—Man's use of Nature's gifts, p. 6—Man the "tool-making animal," p. 7—Science and Civilization, p. 8—Clothing and artificially heated dwellings of primitive man, p. 10—Early domestication of animals, p. 11—Early development to the time of gunpowder, p. 12—The coming of steam and electricity, p. 15—Mechanical aids to the agriculturist, p. 19—The development of scientific agriculture, p. 20—Difficulties of the early manufacturer, p. 21—The development of modern manufacturing, p. 24—The relation of work to human development, p. 25—The decline of drudgery and the new era of labor-saving devices, p. 27.
CHAPTER II
HOW WORK IS DONE
Primitive man's use of the lever, p. 29—The use of the lever as conceived by Archimedes, p. 21—Wheels and pulleys, p. 32—Other means of transmitting power, p. 35—Inclined planes and derricks, p. 37—The steam-scoop, p. 38—Friction, p. 39—Available sources of energy, p. 41.
CHAPTER III
THE ANIMAL MACHINE
The oldest machine in existence, p. 43—The relation of muscle to machinery, p. 44—How muscular energy is applied, p. 44—The two types of muscles, p. 45—How the nerve-telegraph controls the muscles, p. 47—The nature of