href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44734@[email protected]#frontispiece" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Frontispiece

FIGURE 1. Showing Use of Natural Cover by Soldier Lying Down 22 2. Showing Use of Sandbag and Earth for Protection 22 3. Showing Position of Body Behind Earth,   and Direction of Fire Round Right Side of Cover 26 4. Trench System Showing Fire, Support   and Reserve Trenches; Redoubts; Communicating   Trenches; Saps; Listening Posts, etc. 28 5. Showing Method of Cutting Trench;   Parapet and Parados; Drainage 28 6. Showing Revetting; Flooring Made of   Boards and Chicken Wire; Drainage 30 7. Trench with Simple Dugout under Parapet 32 8. Finished Dugout, 6'x4'x4' with Deep   Entrance and Shrapnel-proofing 32 9. Finished Trench Showing Parapet and   Parados; Firing Step of Earth; Flooring;   and Shelter Dugout under Parados 34 10. Machine Gun Position with Heavy Overhead Cover 36 11. Simple Entanglements Made of Barbed   Wire and Rough Posts 42 12. Trench Periscopes 46 13. Simple Loophole Made of Steel Plate   Let into Parapet 52 14. Ordinary Hand Bomb with Fuse Lighted   Automatically as Lever Is Released 52 15. Trench Bomb Gun Firing Bomb with   Stem; and Trench Mortar Firing Large Bomb 54 16. Simple Gas Mask with Flutter Valve or   Check Valve. Ambulance Dogs and   Horses in the Gas Zone Were Equipped as Shown 56 17. British Soldier Fully Equipped with   Pack, Entrenching Tool, Sandbags and Steel Helmet 78

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CHAPTER I
THE CIVILIAN AND THE SOLDIER

The change from civilian to soldier is one that is not easily accomplished. We soon find that there are many new conditions to be faced, many new and uncongenial tasks to be undertaken, and all sorts of strange and novel regulations to which we must render the strictest obedience. In civilian life we become thoroughly independent. We come and go more or less as we please. We do not usually ask the permission of any one if we wish to depart a little from our customary habits. Not since we left school have we