devised. The word Pan-Angle as a noun and as an adjective is here offered.

{18}

There are various reasons why other words are unsatisfactory. None in existence exactly denotes the meaning which is here desired. Anglo-Saxon may refer to the fusion of two stocks of conquering immigrants who contributed men and vitality of ideas to the present Pan-Angles. Sometimes, however, it has referred to only one of these tribes, the Saxons, and designated them as the Saxons colonizing Angle-land, as opposed to the parent stock, the Saxons of the continent.[18-1] Some writers have employed the word loosely as a collective name for all persons and ideas whose ancestry can be traced to the British Isles. Again, a literature, a law, an architecture, and a language is each called Anglo-Saxon. Moreover, there is a people called Saxons, and a land of Saxony, forming no part of the Pan-Angle group. Anglican is one of our race names, with its roots deep in the past, but it has already a restricted meaning as a name for one of our religious creeds. English is equally unsatisfactory. It is properly applied to our common language and to the people inhabiting a part of the British Isles. Even this seemingly simple meaning has not been faithfully preserved. Writers, otherwise careful, speak of the English flag and the English Parliament, when they mean the flag and Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Robert Louis Stevenson, by a recent student and author, was called an Englishman![18-2] This inexactness is equally distasteful to those to whom the appellation rightfully belongs, and to those who have names of their own of which they are proud.

{19}

To avoid confusion, the word English in this discussion is restricted as far as possible to the language alone, or is used in the sense of belonging to or originating in England. The term England refers only to the geographic area bearing that name.[19-1] The inhabitants of England are herein referred to as Englanders.[19-2] It would be well to have a name for these self-governing, English-speaking white people that would direct the mind back to the European stocks, whose bloods have mingled in the British Isles and in these six other nations, and that would suggest the origin of the ideals and of the men that have made possible the present world domination of these people. Failing such an extensively composite and suggestive word, resort is had to the name of one of these many tribes. They are but one of many peoples that went to our making. The Angles to-day exist nowhere as Angles. But they gave their name to our tongue and to the country through which we have inherited much. Every English-speaking schoolboy knows Gregory's exclamation at the sight of the fair-skinned children brought from Britain.[19-3] "Angels," they may have looked to the fervent {20} priest, on their block in the Roman slave market; but, as "inheritors of the earth, successors to Rome about to fall," he might prophetically have saluted them. Their political descendants have abolished slavery throughout a large part of the world. They are the white people who speak English, citizens of the autonomous nations: New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Newfoundland, Canada, the British Isles, and the United States of America. Pan-Angles they are here called, and their nations, Pan-Angle nations.

[3-1] Round Table, London, September 1913, p. 639.

[6-1] C. H. Pearson, History of England during the Early and Middle Ages, London, 1867, vol. i, p. 136.

[6-2] Daniel Defoe, "The True-born Englishman: A Satire," in Novels and Miscellaneous Works, London, 1855, vol. v. pp. 441, 442.

[7-1] Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, Hakluyt Society reprint, Glasgow, 1904, vol. vii. p. 146: "IN the yere of our Lord 1497 John Cabot a Venetian, and his sonne Sebastian (with an English fleet set out from Bristoll) discovered that land which no man before that time had attempted, on the 24 of June, about five of the clocke early in the morning," Cf. Alfred Caldecott, English Colonization and Empire, London, 1891, p. 28.

[7-2] D. W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland, London, 1895, pp. 28, 58, 83.

[8-1] John Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, London, 1897, vol. i. pp. 93, 94; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England, Boston, 1889, pp. 81-83.

[9-1] J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England, London, 1883, p.69.

[11-1] P. D. Harrison, The Stars and Stripes, Boston, 1906, p. 24; ibid., p. 23: "The Taunton flag was the regular English [Great Britain's] flag, adopted by the union of the aforesaid crosses upon a red field. Its significance lay in its motto, signifying that there was at that time no thought of severance from the mother country, their only thought being liberty of action; and it has historic value because it was the first to wave with that motto."

[11-2] Woodrow Wilson, Mere Literature, Boston, 1900, p. 105.

[12-1] A. L. Burt, Imperial Architects, Oxford, 1913, p. 60. Henry VIII. above should read Edward III. After the battle of Crecy he besieged Calais in 1346. Cf. C.A.W. Pownall, Thomas Pownall, London, 1908, p. 204, who refers to the same ideas as above, quoted from the 4th edition (1768) of Thomas Pownall's The Administration of the Colonies. For maps of these four historical areas, see W. R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, Boston, 1911, pp. 74 and 84.

[14-1] For a definition of grades of government of dependencies of Britannic nations, see An Analysis of the System of Government throughout the British Empire, London, 1912, pp. 59-61.

[14-2] Round Table, London, September 1913, p. 697: "It is not true that she [Malaya] was offered as the result of pressure by the British Government. She owes her existence partly to the imagination of the Colonial Secretary in the Malay States, who would by general agreement have been well advised to keep his visions to himself instead of communicating them even to sympathetic chiefs, but the Government in the 'Malay States certainly received no suggestion on the subject from the Colonial Office.'"

[15-1] Ency. Brit., vol. iv. p. 606. "Ency. Brit." in this and subsequent notes refers to Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, Cambridge, England, 1910. Also Empire Movement (Non-Party, Non-Sectarian, Non-Aggressive, and Non-Racial), London, 1913; Leaflet 19, Shorter Catechism: "The British Empire is that portion of the Earth's land surface which is subject to the authority of King George."

[15-2] J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England, London, 1883, p. 46: "The English Empire is on the whole free from that weakness which has brought down most empires, the weakness of being a mere mechanical forced union of alien nationalities. . . . the English Empire in the main and broadly may be said to be English throughout."

[15-3] Cf. G.R. Parkin, Imperial Federation, London, 1892, p. 248: "Unquestionably confusion of thought is caused by the careless use of the term Empire into which English people have fallen. Applied to India and the crown colonies it is admissible, . . . As a name for the 'slowly grown and crowned Republic' of which the mother-land is the type and the great self-governing colonies copies, the term Empire is a misnomer, . . ."

[16-1] Richard Jebb, Studies in Colonial Nationalism, London, 1905, p. 276: "Indeed, the inclusion of India involves the reductio ad absurdum of the imperial-federation theory which forms the logical complement of the expansion-of-England theory."