in France.—Pay for Public Services.—Gratuitous Services in France.—Condition of Public Functionaries in the United States.—Influence of the Progress of Manufactures on the Pay of Public Officers.—No Marriages for Money in the United States.—No Misers.

292 XXIV. Speculations. Speculation in Land, in Railroads, and in Banks.—Speculation necessary to the Americans.—Unsettled Condition of every thing in the United States.—Trades' Unions.—Inconveniencies of the Excess of the Innovating Power. 305 XXV. Bedford Springs. Exclusiveness.—Religious Festivals formerly Democratic Festivals.—Political Processions.—Camp Meetings.—Women in Camp Meetings; and in the Roman Catholic Festivals.—Suppression of the popular Festivals in Europe.—Influence of the Philosophy of the XVIIIth century on the Imagination.—Struggle between the Young, Middle-Aged, and Old in France.—Pleasures of the Imagination in England and the United States. 315 XXVI. Power and Liberty. Situation and Character of Richmond.—Slavery.—Richmond Flour.—Inspection Laws.—American Liberty is Liberty of Industry and Locomotion.—Few Restrictions upon the Interior Trade.—Old Restrictions upon French Commerce.—Decline of the Foreign Commerce of France.—Twofold Authority in the United States.—Ancient Authority, Cæsar.—Duties imposed by Self-Government.—The Authority of Cæsar could be destroyed in the United States, but not in Europe.—New Authority by the side of Cæsar.—Canal, School, and Bank Commissioners; their Powers.—How Industry may flourish in Europe by the side of Cæsar.—Of American Liberty.—The Liberty of the Yankee would be intolerable to a Frenchman.—Liberty of the Virginian more like our own.—Mixture of the two Liberties. 325 XXVII. Progress of Society. Universal Appearance of Comfort in the American Population.—Effect upon the Condition of Women.—State of the Blacks in the United States.—Diminution of Taxes considered as a Measure of Relief for the poorer Classes.—The encouragement of Industry a more effectual Relief.—American Prosperity the Fruit of Labour.—Means of giving Activity to Industry in France.—1. Industrial Education.—2. The bad State of Credit in France paralyses the Spirit of Enterprise.—Banking Institutions suited to France.—3. Credit must be made accessible to the Cultivator.—Saving effected by an improved System of Credit.—4. Means of Internal Communication.—Influence of a Credit System on the Means of Communication.—Diminution of Price caused by Facility of Carriage.—5. Legislative Reforms.—The Civil Code too closely modelled on the Roman Law; its Defects in regard to Industry.—The Laws in the United States.—Jury Trials in Civil Causes. 341 XXVIII. Social Reform. Moral Obstacles to the Emancipation of the Blacks in the United States.—Exclusive Spirit of the English Race.—The Yankees are new Jews.—The Difficulty in the Way of the Emancipation of the Labouring Class in Europe also of a Moral Kind.—Insufficiency of Philanthropy and Philosophy.—Necessity of Religion.—Inaction of the Religious Authority in Europe.—Religion has effected the Elevation of the lower Classes in the United States.—Influence of Political Institutions on the Social Reform.—Connection between the Religion and the Political Condition of Nations.—Protestantism is Republican; Catholicism Monarchical.—The Growth of Liberty depends on the Development of Local and Municipal Institutions.—The Spirit of Association and the Spirit of Division.—The Principles of Unity and Association must prevail in France. 360 XXIX. The Empire State. Tendency to Centralisation in the State of New York; in the School System; in the Banking-System; in the System of Public Works.—Results of Public Works.—Charters of Canal and Railroad Companies.—Influence of the Example of New York.—Modern Nations cannot dispense with the Action of Authority.—Religion cannot fully take the place of Political Authority.—Authority must change its Attributes.—Banks, Means of Communication, and Schools are the Instruments of Government, which must, in part, take the Place of the Ancient Attributes of Authority.—Inviolability of the Individual.—Favourable Disposition of the Public Mind. 370 XXX. Symptoms of a Revolution. Riots and Outrages Committed.—Decrease of Respect for the Laws.—Wrongs of Popular Justice.—Havoc committed in Baltimore—Neglect of great Principles.—Diminution of Civil Courage.—Dependent State of the Press.—Want of restraining Power.—Industrial Superiority and Political Inferiority of the present Generation in the United States.—Probable Issue of the Crisis. 385 XXXI. The Middle Classes. Elements of French Society.—Remnants of the Aristocracy.—Active Portion of the Middle Class; Idle Portion.—Labourers and Peasants.—Elements of American Society.—Middle Class and Democracy.—Difference between the North and the South.—Disappearance of an Idle Class in America.—The Idle Part of the Middle Class must disappear in Europe.—There is no Reason for its Existence.—It has no Office.—Advantages resulting from its being merged in the Active Portion of the Class. 396 XXXII. Aristocracy. Authority is yet to organise itself in the United States.—Authority is founded upon Centralisation and Distinction of Ranks.—Present Character of Authority in America.—Representative Government, become the Government of the Majority, tends to Tyranny.—Difference between the South and the North.—Aristocracy of Birth; Aristocracy of Talents.—Both co-existed in Ancient Society.—Forms of