46. In France, on the Other Hand, the “Divine Right of Kings” Continued with Greater Pomp and Splendor Than Ever Before and the Ambition of the Ruler Was Only Tempered by the Newly Invented Law of the “Balance of Power” 296 47. The Story of the Mysterious Muscovite Empire Which Suddenly Burst upon the Grand Political Stage of Europe 301 48. Russia and Sweden Fought Many Wars to Decide Who Shall Be the Leading Power of Northeastern Europe 308 49. The Extraordinary Rise of a Little State in a Dreary Part of Northern Germany, Called Prussia 313 50. How the Newly Founded National or Dynastic States of Europe Tried to Make Themselves Rich and What Was Meant by the Mercantile System 317 51. At the End of the Eighteenth Century Europe Heard Strange Reports of Something Which Had Happened in the Wilderness of the North American Continent. The Descendants of the Men Who Had Punished King Charles for His Insistence upon His “Divine Rights” Added a New Chapter to the Old Story of the Struggle for Self-Government 323 52. The Great French Revolution Proclaims the Principles of Liberty, Fraternity and Equality Unto All the People of the Earth 334 53. Napoleon 349 54. As Soon as Napoleon Had Been Sent to St. Helena, the Rulers Who So Often Had Been Defeated by the Hated “Corsican” Met at Vienna and Tried to Undo the Many Changes Which Had Been Brought About by the French Revolution 361 55. They Tried to Assure the World an Era of Undisturbed Peace by Suppressing All New Ideas. They Made the Police-Spy the Highest Functionary in the State and Soon the Prisons of All Countries Were Filled With Those Who Claimed That People Have the Right to Govern Themselves as They See Fit 373 56. The Love of National Independence, However, Was Too Strong to Be Destroyed in This Way. The South Americans Were the First to Rebel Against the Reactionary Measures of the Congress of Vienna. Greece and Belgium and Spain and a Large Number of Other Countries of the European Continent Followed Suit and the Nineteenth Century Was Filled with the Rumor of Many Wars of Independence 381 57. But While the People of Europe Were Fighting for Their National Independence, the World in Which They Lived Had Been Entirely Changed by a Series of Inventions, Which Had Made the Clumsy Old Steam-Engine of the Eighteenth Century the Most Faithful and Efficient Slave of Man 402 58. The New Engines Were Very Expensive and Only People of Wealth Could Afford Them. The Old Carpenter or Shoemaker Who Had Been His Own Master in His Little Workshop Was Obliged to Hire Himself Out to the Owners of the Big Mechanical Tools, and While He Made More Money than Before, He Lost His Former Independence and He Did Not Like That 413 59. The General Introduction of Machinery Did Not Bring About the Era of Happiness and Prosperity Which Had Been Predicted by the Generation Which Saw the Stage Coach Replaced by the Railroad. Several Remedies Were Suggested, but None of These Quite Solved the Problem 420 60. But the World Had Undergone Another Change Which Was of Greater Importance Than Either the Political or the Industrial Revolutions. After Generations of Oppression and Persecution, the Scientist Had at Last Gained Liberty of Action and He Was Now Trying to Discover the Fundamental Laws Which Govern the Universe 427 61. A Chapter of Art 433 62. The Last Fifty Years, Including Several Explanations and a Few Apologies 446 63. The Great War, Which Was Really the Struggle for a New and Better World 456 64. Animated Chronology 467 65. Concerning the Pictures 473 66. An