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§ 5. Ghosts and Soul-stuff.—Separated spirits need bodies and food, that is, soul-stuff. Abstract ideas of “spirit,” “force,” etc. 161-4 § 6. Ghosts and Spirits.—Ghosts first imagined, and other spirits on their model. Some spirits, formerly ghosts, now declared not to have been; others never incarnate 164-9 § 7. How Ghosts and Spirits are imagined.—Have the same attributes, and not at first immaterial; confused with the corpse. Various conceptions. Number of souls to each body. External souls 169-73 § 8. Origin and Destiny of Souls.—Reincarnation—Transmigration—Liable to second death. Place of the departed. Importance of next life resembling the present 174-7 § 9. The Treatment of Ghosts.—Results partly from fear, partly from affection. Funerary rites—extravagance and economy. Simplicity of ghosts. Inconsistent behaviour toward them 178-82 § 10. Evolution and Dissolution of Animism.—Popular and priestly Animism. Different emotions excited by ghosts and by gods 182-6 CHAPTER VI The Relations between Magic and Animism 187 § 1. The Question of Priority.—Wundt’s theory of Animism and of the derivation from it of Magic. Reasons for dissenting. Origins of Magic and of Animism independent 187-93 § 2. Magic and Religion.—Frazer’s hypothesis as to the superseding of Magic by Religion. Reasons for dissenting. Alternative hypothesis. Caprice of spirits the essential distinction of Animism 193-7 § 3. Ideas and Practices of Magic adopted by Animism.—Invisible force. Power of charms ascribed to spirits. Omens first magical, then spiritual warnings. Spells become prayers. Magical rites become religious ceremonies 197-203 § 4. Retrogradation.—Wundt’s theory explains the loss in many cases of animistic ideas; Fetiches; Omens; Prayers; religious ceremonies 203-7 § 5. Spirits know Magic, teach it, and inspire Magicians.—Examples of spirits knowing and teaching Magic. Inspiration and possession 207-12 § 6. Spirits operate by Magic.—Possession; smiting; metamorphosis; charms and spells 212-16 § 7. Spirits are controlled by Magic.—Biological necessity of controlling spirits—by fear—or by Magic. Analogy with politics. The higher barbaric religions. Magico-legal control of gods. Idea of Fate. Free-will and uniformity 216-24 CHAPTER VII Omens 225 § 1. The Prevalence of Omens everywhere, in all ages. Examples 225-