[2] For the Cree, consult our volume ii, p. 168, note 75.—Ed.

[3] Catlin painted a portrait of this chief in 1832; and speaks of his visit to Washington under the care of John A. Sanford (probably in 1831-32), accompanied by several Assiniboin. See Catlin, North American Indians, i, p. 56.—Ed.

[4] Some of them assured me that the intention of this custom was, that their deceased friends or relations might participate in the enjoyment of this benefit.—Maximilian.

[5] See Plate 45, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[6] See background of Plate 65, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[7] For portrait of this Indian, see Plate 65, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[8] See Plate 16, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[9] I have spoken on this subject in the account of my "Travels in Brazil," the above defect being very common among the Brazilians. On the whole, it appears that there are more cripples among the North American Indians than in Brazil. A dwarfish Assiniboin frequently visited Fort Union, who was, at the most, between three and four feet high; his legs were short, crooked, and deformed. His head, and the upper part of his body, were perfectly well-formed; his countenance animated and intelligent, as is frequently the case with such persons. He wore a remarkably handsome dress, and rode his spirited horse exceedingly well. In the course of this journey in North America, I met with several Indian dwarfs; but not a single instance among the many Brazilians whom I have seen. Governor Cass likewise mentions a deformed Indian. On St. Peter's River there were two Sioux women, each of whom was about two feet and a half high; and there were similar dwarfs among the Blackfeet.—Maximilian.

[10] Catlin, North American Indians, i, pp. 56, 57, gives an account of the reception of these Indians on their return from Washington (1832). The stories of American sights at first created a sensation among the tribesmen, but they soon began to doubt their authenticity, and set down their narrator as a liar and impostor. "General Jackson" killed himself the year after his return, partly because of illness. Mc Kenzie had his remains interred at Fort Union. See Larpenteur's Journal, ii, pp. 412-415.—Ed.

[11] Berger (usually called "old man Berger") had in his early days been in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. Going to the Missouri with Kenneth Mc Kenzie, he rendered valuable service to the American Fur Company. The daring with which he ventured among the hostile Blackfeet, together with his knowledge of their language and customs, succeeded in persuading a band of that tribe to visit Fort Union, and make a treaty of amity (1831). Berger's salary as Blackfoot interpreter was eight hundred dollars per annum. He was still living in 1845, when he had a hostile encounter with Alexander Harvey.—Ed.

[12] See Plate 63, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[13] The British companies distinguished between "winterers"—old experienced employés, who devoted their entire time to the business of the company, and who were hardened to privations—and mangeurs de lard ("pork-eaters"), who were employed only for the summer months, chiefly in transporting the canoe loads from Montreal to the Upper Country and return. See F. J. Turner, "The Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1889, pp. 78, 79.—Ed.