prey of all manner of fierce life.  He had no inventions nor artifices.  His natural efficiency for food-getting was, say, 1.  He did not even till the soil.  With his natural efficiency of 1, he fought off his carnivorous enemies and got himself food and shelter.  He must have done all this, else he would not have multiplied and spread over the earth and sent his progeny down, generation by generation, to become even you and me.

The caveman, with his natural efficiency of 1, got enough to eat most of the time, and no caveman went hungry all the time.  Also, he lived a healthy, open-air life, loafed and rested himself, and found plenty of time in which to exercise his imagination and invent gods.  That is to say, he did not have to work all his waking moments in order to get enough to eat.  The child of the caveman (and this is true of the children of all savage peoples) had a childhood, and by that is meant a happy childhood of play and development.

And now, how fares modern man?  Consider the United States, the most prosperous and most enlightened country of the world.  In the United States there are 10,000,000 people living in poverty.  By poverty is meant that condition in life in which, through lack of food and adequate shelter, the mere standard of working efficiency cannot be maintained.  In the United States there are 10,000,000 people who have not enough to eat.  In the United States, because they have not enough to eat, there are 10,000,000 people who cannot keep the ordinary 1 measure of strength in their bodies.  This means that these 10,000,000 people are perishing, are dying, body and soul, slowly, because they have not enough to eat.  All over this broad, prosperous, enlightened land, are men, women, and children who are living miserably.  In all the great cities, where they are segregated in slum ghettos by hundreds of thousands and by millions, their misery becomes beastliness.  No caveman ever starved as chronically as they starve, ever slept as vilely as they sleep, ever festered with rottenness and disease as they fester, nor ever toiled as hard and for as long hours as they toil.

In Chicago there is a woman who toiled sixty hours per week.  She was a garment worker.  She sewed buttons on clothes.  Among the Italian garment workers of Chicago, the average weekly wage of the dressmakers is 90 cents, but they work every week in the year.  The average weekly wage of the pants finishers is $1.31, and the average number of weeks employed in the year is 27.85.  The average yearly earnings of the dressmakers is $37; of the pants finishers, $42.41.  Such wages means no childhood for the children, beastliness of living, and starvation for all.

Unlike the caveman, modern man cannot get food and shelter whenever he feels like working for it.  Modern man has first to find the work, and in this he is often unsuccessful.  Then misery becomes acute.  This acute misery is chronicled daily in the newspapers.  Let several of the countless instances be cited.

In New York City lived a woman, Mary Mead.  She had three children: Mary, one year old; Johanna, two years old; Alice, four years old.  Her husband could find no work.  They starved.  They were evicted from their shelter at 160 Steuben Street.  Mary Mead strangled her baby, Mary, one year old; strangled Alice, four years old; failed to strangle Johanna, two years old, and then herself took poison.  Said the father to the police: “Constant poverty had driven my wife insane.  We lived at No. 160 Steuben Street until a week ago, when we were dispossessed.  I could get no work.  I could not even make enough to put food into our mouths.  The babies grew ill and weak.  My wife cried nearly all the time.”

“So overwhelmed is the Department of Charities with tens of thousands of applications from men out of work that it finds itself unable to cope with the situation.”—New York Commercial, January 11, 1905.

In a daily paper, because he cannot get work in order to get something to eat, modern man advertises as follows:

“Young man, good education, unable to obtain employment, will sell to physician and bacteriologist for experimental purposes all right and title to his body.  Address for price, box 3466, Examiner.”

“Frank A. Mallin went to the central police station Wednesday night and asked to be locked up on a charge of vagrancy.  He said he had been conducting an unsuccessful search for work for so long that he was sure he must be a vagrant.  In any event, he was so hungry he must be fed.  Police Judge Graham sentenced him to ninety days’ imprisonment.”—San Francisco Examiner.

In a room at the Soto House, 32 Fourth Street, San Francisco, was found the body of W. G. Robbins.  He had turned on the gas.  Also was found his diary, from which the following extracts are made

“March 3.—No chance of getting anything here.  What will I do?

“March 7.—Cannot find anything yet.

“March 8.—Am living on doughnuts at five cents a day.

“March 9.—My last quarter gone for room rent.

“March 10.—God help me.  Have only five cents left.  Can get nothing to do.  What next?  Starvation or—?  I have spent my last nickel to-night.  What shall I do?  Shall it be steal, beg, or die?  I have never stolen, begged, or starved in all my fifty years of life, but now I am on the brink—death seems the only refuge.

“March 11.—Sick all day—burning fever this afternoon.  Had nothing to eat to-day or since yesterday noon.  My head, my head.  Good-bye, all.”

How fares the child of modern man in this most prosperous of lands?  In the city of New York 50,000 children go hungry to school every morning.  From the same city on January 12, a press despatch was sent out over the country of a case reported by Dr. A. E. Daniel, of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children.  The case was that of a babe, eighteen months old, who earned by its labour fifty cents per week in a tenement sweat-shop.

“On a pile of rags in a room bare of furniture and freezing cold, Mrs. Mary Gallin, dead from starvation, with an emaciated baby four months old crying at her breast, was found this morning at 513 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, by Policeman McConnon of the Flushing Avenue Station.  Huddled together for warmth in another part of the room were the father, James Gallin, and three children ranging from two to eight years of age.  The children gazed at the policeman much as ravenous animals might have done.  They were famished, and there was not a vestige of food in their comfortless home.”—New York Journal, January 2, 1902.

In the United States 80,000 children are toiling out their lives in the textile mills alone.  In the South they work twelve-hour shifts.  They never see the day.  Those on the night shift are asleep when the sun pours its life and warmth over the world, while those on the day shift are at the machines before dawn and return to their miserable dens, called “homes,” after dark.  Many receive no more than ten cents a day.  There are babies who work for five and six cents a day.  Those who work on the night shift are often kept awake by having cold water dashed in their faces.  There are children six years of age who have already to their credit eleven months’ work on the night shift.  When they become sick, and are unable to rise from their beds to go to work, there are men employed to go on horseback from house to house, and cajole and bully them into arising and going to work.  Ten per cent of them contract active consumption.  All are puny wrecks, distorted, stunted, mind and body.  Elbert Hubbard says of the child-labourers of the Southern cotton-mills:

“I thought to lift one of the little toilers to ascertain his