Whole Body Counters

UNITED STATES

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman

James T. Ramey

Dr. Gerald F. Tape

Dr. Samuel M. Nabrit

Wilfrid E. Johnson

ONE OF A SERIES ON
UNDERSTANDING THE ATOM

Nuclear energy is playing a vital role in the life of every man, woman, and child in the United States today. In the years ahead it will affect increasingly all the peoples of the earth. It is essential that all Americans gain an understanding of this vital force if they are to discharge thoughtfully their responsibilities as citizens and if they are to realize fully the myriad benefits that nuclear energy offers them.

The United States Atomic Energy Commission provides this booklet to help you achieve such understanding.

Edward J. Brunenkant
Director
Division of Technical Information

Whole Body Counters/_CONTENTS

1 SENSITIVE DETECTORS

2 THE GENEVA COUNTER

8 THE LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER

10 POTASSIUM-40 IN HUMAN BODIES

13 CRYSTAL COUNTERS

15 THE RADIUM STORY

17 A NEW BODY CONTAMINANT

21 PROTECTION OF LABORATORY PERSONNEL

24 SPECIAL USES

31 CONCLUSION

34 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

THE COVER

This smiling youngster in the chute of a large whole body counter has just emerged from the opening (beyond her feet) of a hollow tank of scintillation liquid, where she lay while the radioactivity in her body was being “counted.” In a minute she will step into her slippers (on the ramp, right) and be ready for play. The sensitive, heavily shielded radiation-detecting equipment shown has many uses that are described in this booklet.

THE AUTHORS

John H. Woodburn teaches chemistry at Walter Johnson High School in Rockville, Md. In the past he taught at Michigan State University, Illinois State Normal University, and Johns Hopkins University. He received his A.B. from Marietta College, his M.A. from Ohio State University, and his Ph. D. from Michigan State University. He is the author of the book Radioisotopes (J. P. Lippincott 1962), which is a student’s introduction to this subject.

Frederick W. Lengemann is associate professor of radiation biology at New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University. He received his B.S. and M.N.S. from Cornell and his Ph. D. from the University of Wisconsin. He has been research associate in radiation biology and assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee and formerly was a biochemist with the Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology and Medicine.

Whole Body Counters

By JOHN H. WOODBURN
and FREDERICK W. LENGEMANN

SENSITIVE DETECTORS

Whole body counters are sensitive radiation detecting and measuring instruments that provide information not easily obtainable otherwise about that most important of all chemical systems, the human body. They can do this because, strange as it may seem, every person who ever lived is slightly radioactive.

Quickly, accurately, and painlessly, whole body counters reveal the kinds and amounts of radioactive substances that have accumulated in the body from natural sources, from man-made fallout, or from tracer isotopes given for medical purposes. They count emissions from these radioactive materials, as do other kinds of instruments known as “counters”.

In contrast to devices that disclose concentrations of radioactivity in a small area or a particular organ, whole body counters usually are used to total up the burden of radioactivity in all parts of a human body. They also are distinguished from many radiation detecting instruments with the same general purpose by their large size, their heavy shielding, and their sensitivity to low levels of radioactivity.

Whole body counters are useful in many studies of physiological activity in living persons and animals. They have proved valuable in calculating the radiation absorbed by victims of overexposure to radioactive materials. They can show a doctor how much of his patient’s body is fat and how much lean. Whole body counters also gave medical scientists clues to the relation of potassium deficiency to muscular dystrophy and other diseases. And new medical and scientific uses are being found regularly.

The need for an instrument that would measure whole body radioactivity was first felt in the 1920s when the hazardous nature of radium was recognized. Other sorts of instruments had to be used to estimate the amount of radium that some factory workers inadvertently had absorbed while painting luminous watch dials with a radium-containing coating. (See pages 15 and 16.) But instruments then available were