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قراءة كتاب Hawkins Electrical Guide Vol. 8 (of 10) A Progressive Course of Study for Engineers, Electricians, Students, and Those Desiring to Acquire a Working Knowledge of Electricity and Its Applications
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Hawkins Electrical Guide Vol. 8 (of 10) A Progressive Course of Study for Engineers, Electricians, Students, and Those Desiring to Acquire a Working Knowledge of Electricity and Its Applications
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HAWKINS ELECTRICAL GUIDE
NUMBER EIGHT
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
&
ILLUSTRATIONS
A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ENGINEERS,
ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS AND THOSE DESIRING TO
ACQUIRE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF
ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A PRACTICAL TREATISE
by
HAWKINS AND STAFF
THEO AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.
COPYRIGHTED, 1915,
BY
THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
New York.
Printed in the United States.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GUIDE No. 8
| WAVE FORM MEASUREMENT | 1,839 to 1,868 | |
Importance of wave form measurement—methods: step by step; constantly recording—classes of apparatus: wave indication; oscillographs—step by step methods—Joubert's; four part commutator; modified four part commutator; ballistic galvanometer; zero; Hospitalier ondograph—constantly recording methods: cathode ray; glow light; moving iron; moving coil; hot wire—oscillographs—moving coil type; construction and operation; production of the time scale; oscillograms—falling plate camera; its use. |
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| SWITCHBOARDS | 1,869 to 1,884 | |
General principles: diagram—small plant a.c. switchboard—switchboard panels; generator panel; diagram of connections—simple method of determining bus bar capacity—feeder panel—diagrams of connection for two phase and three phase installations. |
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| ALTERNATING CURRENT WIRING | 1,885 to 1,914 | |
Effects to be considered in making calculations—induction; self- and mutual; mutual induction, how caused—transpositions—inductance per mile of three phase circuit, table—capacity; table—frequency—skin effect; calculation; table—corona effect; its manifestation; critical voltage; spacing of wires—resistance of wires—impedance—power factor; apparent current; usual power factors encountered; example—wire calculations—sizes of wire—table of the property of copper wire—drop; example—current—example covering horse power, watts, apparent load, current, size of wire, drop, voltage at the alternator, and electrical horse power. |
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| POWER STATIONS | 1,915 to 1,988 | |
Classification—central stations; types: a.c., d.c., and a.c. and d.c.; reciprocating engine vs. turbine—location of central stations; price of land; trouble after erection; water supply; service requiring direct current—size of plant; nature of load; peak load; load factor; machinery required; example; factors of evaporation; grate surface per horse power—general arrangement of station; belt drive with counter shaft; desirable features of belt drive; conditions, suitable for counter shaft drive; location of engine and boilers; the steam pipe; piping between engine and condenser; number and type of engine; superheated steam; switchboard location; individual belt drive; direct drive—station construction—foundations—walls— roofs—floors—chimneys; cost of chimneys and mechanical draft; high chimneys ill advised—steam turbine; types: impulse and reaction; why high vacuum is necessary; the working pressure—hydro-electric plants—water turbines; types: impulse, reaction—isolated plants—sub-stations; arrangement; three phase installations; reactance coils in sub-stations; portable sub-stations. |
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| MANAGEMENT | 1,989 to 2,114 | |
The term "management"—selection; general considerations—selection of generators; efficiency of generators; size and number; regulation—installation; precautions; handling of armatures; assembling a machine; speed of generators; calculation of pulley sizes; gear wheels—belts; various belt drives; horse power transmitted by belts; velocity of belt; endless belts—switchboards; essential points of difference between single phase and three phase switchboard wiring; assembling a switchboard; usual equipment. Operation of Alternators—alternators in parallel; synchronizing; lamp methods; action of amortisseur winding; synchronizing three phase alternators; disadvantage of lamp method—cutting out alternator; precautions; hunting—alternators in series. Transformers; selection; efficiency; kind of oil used; detection of moisture; drying oil; regulation; transformers in parallel; polarity test—motor generators; various types and conditions requiring same—dynamotors; precautions—rotary converters; objections to single phase type; operation when driven by direct current, by alternating current; most troublesome part; efficiency; overload; starting; starting current. Electrical measuring instruments; location; readings; station voltmeters; points relating to ammeters; attention necessary; usual remedies to correct voltmeter—how to test generators; commercial efficiency; various tests. Station Testing: resistance measurement by "drop" method—methods of connecting ammeter voltmeter and wattmeter for measurement of power—motor testing: single phase motor—three phase motor, voltmeter and ammeter method; two wattmeter method; polyphase wattmeter method; one wattmeter method; one wattmeter and Y box method—three phase motor with neutral brought out; single wattmeter method—temperature test, three phase induction motor—three phase alternator testing: excitation or magnetization curve test—synchronous impedance test—load test—three phase alternator or synchronous motor temperature test—direct current motor or generator testing: magnetization curve—(shunt) external characteristic—direct current motor testing; load and speed tests—temperature test, "loading back" method—compound dynamo testing: external characteristic, adjustable load—transformer testing: external characteristic, adjustable load—transformer testing: core loss and leakage or exciting | ||