Page 1
A
CRITICAL EXPOSITION
OF THE
POPULAR "JIHÁD."
A
CRITICAL EXPOSITION
OF THE
POPULAR "JIHÁD."
SHOWING THAT
ALL THE WARS OF MOHAMMAD WERE DEFENSIVE; AND THAT
AGGRESSIVE WAR, OR COMPULSORY CONVERSION,
IS NOT ALLOWED IN THE KORAN.
WITH APPENDICES
PROVING THAT THE WORD "JIHAD" DOES NOT EXEGETICALLY MEAN
'WARFARE,' AND THAT SLAVERY IS NOT SANCTIONED
BY THE PROPHET OF ISLAM.
BY MOULAVI GHERÁGH ALI,
Author of
"REFORMS UNDER MOSLEM RULE,"
"HYDERABAD (DECCAN) UNDER SIR SALAR JUNG."
CALCUTTA:
THACKER, SPINK AND CO.
1885.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THACKER, SPINK AND CO.
NOTE.
I here take the opportunity of removing a wrong idea of the alleged injunction of the Prophet against our countrymen the Hindús. The Hon'ble Raja Sivá Prasad, in his speech at the Legislative Council, on the 9th March, 1883, while discussing the Ilbert Bill, quoted from Amir Khusro's Tarikh Alái that, "Ala-ud-dín Khiliji once sent for a Kází, and asked him what was written in the Code of Mehammadan law regarding the Hindús. The Kází answered that, the Hindús were Zimmis (condemned to pay the Jízya tax); if asked silver, they ought to pay gold with deep respect and humility; and if the collector of taxes were to fling dirt in their faces, they should gladly open their mouths wide. God's order is to keep them in subjection, and the Prophet enjoins on the faithful to kill, plunder and imprison them, to make Mussulmáns, or to put them to the sword, to enslave them, and confiscate their property....'" [Vide Supplement to the Gazette of India, April 21, 1883, page 807.]
These alleged injunctions, I need not say here, after what I have stated in various places of this book regarding intolerance, and compulsory conversion, are merely false imputations. There are no such injunctions of the Prophet against either Zimmis, (i.e., protected or guaranteed) or the Hindús.
TO
THE HONORABLE
SYED AHMED KHAN BAHADUR, C.S.I.,
THIS BOOK
IS, WITHOUT EVEN ASKING PERMISSION.
AND WHOLLY WITHOUT HIS KNOWLEDGE.
DEDICATED
AS A SLIGHT BUT SINCERE TESTIMONY OF ADMIRATION FOR HIS LONG
AND VARIOUS SERVICES IN THE CAUSE OF ISLAM
AND
IN RESPECT OF HIS RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL REFORMS IN THE
MOSLIMS OF INDIA,
AND
OF GRATITUDE FOR MUCH PERSONAL KINDNESS AND FRIENDSHIP,
BY
THE AUTHOR.
Transcriber's Note:
All errata listed below have been corrected in the e-text. Mistakes not listed below have been left as they appeared in the printed book, although missing or misplaced punctuation marks have been corrected.
ERRATA.
Page Line For Read v 21 them Omit " 22 them it xvii f.n. Maaddite Moaddite xxxiv 21 Morra Murra " 22 Soleim Suleim xlii 9 Kauuka Kainuka xliii 22 f.n. Mozeima Mozeina xlv 25 Khusain Khushain liv 1 Ban Bani " 10 Ghassianide Ghassanide lxxxviii 30 Khalips Khalifs xci 30 Caliphater Caliphate 11 10 Kurzibn Kurz-ibn 18 9 God[2] God: " " desist[3] desist " 16 persecution persecution[2] " 17 (fitnah (fitnah[3]) 27 5 liberty and liberty, any of " 6 brethern merely brethren, merely " 6-7 such a manner such manner " 8 Society or Society, or " 9 of it materially of it, materially " 12 deserve pity deserve only pity 34 6 Ibu Ibn 61 6 Rafi Rafe 72 24 ibu ibn " 25 ibu ibn 73 4 bil bin 90 1 as stallions for breeding purposes 135 28 Durar Dinar 136 16 Sirni Sirin 192 1 Jihad does not meanthe waging of war {Read this as a marginal gloss " 3 Jahad Jahd. " 14 Katal and Kital Read this as a marginal gloss. " 20 Conclusion Ditto, ditto.
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
Page. Introduction i-civ Note cv Genealogical Table of the Arabs cvi-cviiI. The persecutions suffered by the early Moslems 1-11 II. The Meccans or the Koreish 11-16 III. The defensive character of the wars of Mohammad 16-34 IV. The Jews 34-40 V. The Christians or Romans 40-41 VI. The intolerance 42-51 VII. The ninth chapter of Sura Barát 51-55 VIII. The alleged interception of the Koreish caravans by the Moslems 55-60 IX. The alleged assassinations by the command or connivance of Mohammad 60-76 X. The alleged cruelty in executing the prisoners of war 76-91 XI. Some miscellaneous objections refuted 91-114 XII. The popular Jihád or Crusade 114-161
Appendix A. The word Jihad in the Koran does not mean warfare 163-192 Appendix B. Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran 193-223 Appendix C. Koranic references 225-227 Index 229-249
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction— Paras. Page. 1. Object of the book i 2. Early wrongs of the Moslem; justification in taking up arms, if taken ii 3. Commencement of the war; the Koreish being public enemy were liable to be treated as such ib. 4. But the Moslems could not take up arms to redress their wrongs under certain circumstances iii 5. Moslems otherwise engaged at Medina had no intention of suffering the horrors of war by taking the initiative, but were in imminent danger from the enemy iv 6. The Koreish first attacked the Moslems at Medina. They could not forbear the escape of the Moslems v 7. Three battles waged by the Koreish against Mohammad—Badr, Ohad, and Ahzáb: these wars on the Moslem side were purely in defence, not waged even to redress their wrongs or re-establish their rights vii 8. The battle of Badr was defensive on the part of Mohammad. Reasons for the same viii 9. Mohammad at Medina, owing to the attacks, inroads, and threatening gatherings of the Koreish and other tribes, had hardly time to think of offensive measures xi 10. Armed opposition of the Koreish to the Moslem pilgrims from Medina in the vicinity of Mecca. The truce of Hodeibia
Page 2
tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">xv 11. The Koreish again commit hostilities and violate their pledge. War declared against those who had violated the truce. War not carried out xvi 12. War with foes other than Koreish xviii 13. Expedition to Tabúk to check the advancing enemy. No war took place xix 14. Number of the wars of Mohammad much exaggerated: Ghazava defined; number of actual wars xx 15. The Revd. Mr. Green's remarks on the wars of Mohammad criticised xxiii 16. Another view of the wars of Mohammad xxviii 17. Caravans if waylaid were waylaid by way of reprisal xxx 18. Intolerance; no compulsory conversion enjoined or took place during Mohammad's lifetime:
Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted xxxi 19. A brief sketch of the propagation of Islam at Mecca:
Islam at Mecca;
Islam at Abyssinia;
Conversions at Nakhla xxxii 20. Rapid stride of Islam at Medina xxxvii 21. The increasing number of Moslem converts at Mecca after the Hegira xxxix 22. Disturbed state of the public peace among the tribes surrounding Medina. Internicine wars, an obstacle to the propagation of Islam xl 23. Sketch of the intertribal wars in Arabia during the lifetime of Mohammad xli 24. Spread of Islam in the surrounding tribes at Medina after the Hegira I—VI xliii 25. Mecca a barrier against the conversion of the Southern tribes xliv 26. Tribal conversions in the sixth year. Conversion among several other tribes of the North and North-east in A.H. VIII xlv 27. Surrender of Mecca, A.H. VIII xlvii 28. Mecca not compelled to believe ib. 29. The wholesale conversion of the remaining tribes, A.H. IX and X xlviii 30. The various deputations in the 9th and 10th year of the Hegira li 31. A list of the deputations of conversion received by Mohammad at Medina during A.H. IX and X li—lviii 32. All conversions, individual and tribal, were without any compulsion lix 33. Mohammad was not favoured with circumstances round him. The difficulty Mohammad encountered in his work. Marcus Dods quoted:
Dr. Mohseim's causes of the spread of Islam and Hallam quoted lx—lxv 34. Mohammad's unwavering belief in his own mission and his success show him to be a true prophet. Mohammad's efforts established monotheism in Arabia. His manly exertions, and his single handed perseverance. The business and office of a prophet described. Sir W. Muir and Stobart quoted lxv—lxix 35. The reforms of Mohammad, his iconoclastic policy. The redemption of Arabia from venal debauchery and infatuated superstition. Muir, Marcus Dods, Stephens quoted lxix—lxxvii 36. Indictment against Mohammad. His alleged cruelty and sensuality. Muir, Rev. Hughes, Marcus Dods, and Stanley Poole refuted lxxviii—lxxxvii 37. Objections to the (1) Finality of the social reforms of Mohammad, (2) positive precepts, (3) ceremonial law, (4) morality, (5) want of adaptability to the varying circumstances lxxxvii—lxxxix 38. All these objections apply rather to the teaching of the Mohammadan Common Law than to the Koran xc 39. (1) Finality of social reforms of Mohammad discussed. Intermediary not to be considered final xc—xcii 40. (2) Positive precepts and (3) ceremonial law, pilgrimage, Kibla, amount of alms, fasts, forms and attitude of prayer, &c.: pretentious prayers and ostentatious almsgiving xcii—xcvii 41. (4) The Koran, both abstract and concrete in morals xcvii—cii 42. (5) Adaptability of the Koran to surrounding circumstances cii—ciii 43. Suitability of the Koran to all classes of humanity ciii—civ Note cv Genealogical tables of the tribes mentioned in para. 31 of the Introduction cvi—cvii
ALL THE WARS OF MOHAMMAD WERE DEFENSIVE.
I.—The Persecution.
1. The early persecution of Moslems by the people of Mecca 2 2. Notices of the persecutions in the Koran 4 3. Insults suffered by Mohammad 5 4. Historical summary of the persecutions 8 5. The Hegira, or the expulsion of the Moslems from Mecca 9 6. The persecution of the Moslems by the Koreish after their flight from Mecca 11
II.—The Meccans or the Koreish.
7. A Koreish chieftain commits a raid near Medina, A.H. 1 ib. 8. The Koreish march to attack Medina. Battle of Badr ib. 9. Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H. 2 12 10. Battle of Ohad 12 11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat ib. 12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year 13 13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H. 5 14 14. Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad, who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia 15 15. Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission
Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted xxxi 19. A brief sketch of the propagation of Islam at Mecca:
Islam at Mecca;
Islam at Abyssinia;
Conversions at Nakhla xxxii 20. Rapid stride of Islam at Medina xxxvii 21. The increasing number of Moslem converts at Mecca after the Hegira xxxix 22. Disturbed state of the public peace among the tribes surrounding Medina. Internicine wars, an obstacle to the propagation of Islam xl 23. Sketch of the intertribal wars in Arabia during the lifetime of Mohammad xli 24. Spread of Islam in the surrounding tribes at Medina after the Hegira I—VI xliii 25. Mecca a barrier against the conversion of the Southern tribes xliv 26. Tribal conversions in the sixth year. Conversion among several other tribes of the North and North-east in A.H. VIII xlv 27. Surrender of Mecca, A.H. VIII xlvii 28. Mecca not compelled to believe ib. 29. The wholesale conversion of the remaining tribes, A.H. IX and X xlviii 30. The various deputations in the 9th and 10th year of the Hegira li 31. A list of the deputations of conversion received by Mohammad at Medina during A.H. IX and X li—lviii 32. All conversions, individual and tribal, were without any compulsion lix 33. Mohammad was not favoured with circumstances round him. The difficulty Mohammad encountered in his work. Marcus Dods quoted:
Dr. Mohseim's causes of the spread of Islam and Hallam quoted lx—lxv 34. Mohammad's unwavering belief in his own mission and his success show him to be a true prophet. Mohammad's efforts established monotheism in Arabia. His manly exertions, and his single handed perseverance. The business and office of a prophet described. Sir W. Muir and Stobart quoted lxv—lxix 35. The reforms of Mohammad, his iconoclastic policy. The redemption of Arabia from venal debauchery and infatuated superstition. Muir, Marcus Dods, Stephens quoted lxix—lxxvii 36. Indictment against Mohammad. His alleged cruelty and sensuality. Muir, Rev. Hughes, Marcus Dods, and Stanley Poole refuted lxxviii—lxxxvii 37. Objections to the (1) Finality of the social reforms of Mohammad, (2) positive precepts, (3) ceremonial law, (4) morality, (5) want of adaptability to the varying circumstances lxxxvii—lxxxix 38. All these objections apply rather to the teaching of the Mohammadan Common Law than to the Koran xc 39. (1) Finality of social reforms of Mohammad discussed. Intermediary not to be considered final xc—xcii 40. (2) Positive precepts and (3) ceremonial law, pilgrimage, Kibla, amount of alms, fasts, forms and attitude of prayer, &c.: pretentious prayers and ostentatious almsgiving xcii—xcvii 41. (4) The Koran, both abstract and concrete in morals xcvii—cii 42. (5) Adaptability of the Koran to surrounding circumstances cii—ciii 43. Suitability of the Koran to all classes of humanity ciii—civ Note cv Genealogical tables of the tribes mentioned in para. 31 of the Introduction cvi—cvii
ALL THE WARS OF MOHAMMAD WERE DEFENSIVE.
I.—The Persecution.
1. The early persecution of Moslems by the people of Mecca 2 2. Notices of the persecutions in the Koran 4 3. Insults suffered by Mohammad 5 4. Historical summary of the persecutions 8 5. The Hegira, or the expulsion of the Moslems from Mecca 9 6. The persecution of the Moslems by the Koreish after their flight from Mecca 11
II.—The Meccans or the Koreish.
7. A Koreish chieftain commits a raid near Medina, A.H. 1 ib. 8. The Koreish march to attack Medina. Battle of Badr ib. 9. Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H. 2 12 10. Battle of Ohad 12 11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat ib. 12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year 13 13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H. 5 14 14. Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad, who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia 15 15. Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission
Page 3
href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@20927@[email protected]#Page_16" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">16 16. Two other tribes assume the offensive ib.
III.—The Defensive Character of the Wars.
17. Verses from the Koran in support of the defensive character of the wars 25 18. What the above quoted verses show 26 19. Justification of the Moslems in taking up arms against their aggressors 27 20. The first aggression after the Hegira was not on the part of Mohammad 28 21. The alleged instances examined 29 22. Hamza and Obeida's expeditions ib. 23. Abwa, Bowat, and Osheira expeditions 30 24. The affair at Nakhla 31 25. At Badr Mohammad came only in his defence 33 26. The first aggression after the Hegira if from Mohammad, might fairly be looked upon as retaliation 34
IV.—The Jews.
27. The Jews broke treaties ib. 28. Bani Kainukaa, Bani Nazeer, Khyber, and Ghatafán 35 29. Notice of them in Koran 37 30. The judgment of Sád 38 31. Defensive character of the expedition against the Jews of Khyber 40
V.—The Christians or Romans.
32. Tabúk, the last expedition ib. 33. Description of the wars concluded 41
VI.—The Intolerance.
34. Mohammad never taught intolerance 43 35. In what sense the wars were religious wars 44 36. The alleged verses of intolerance explained 45 37. Sir William Muir quoted 47 38. Comment on the above quotation 50 39. Object of Mohammad's wars 51
VII.—The Ninth Chapter or Sura Barát.
40. The opening portion of the IX Sura of the Koran only relates to the Koreish who had violated the truce 55
VIII.—The alleged Interceptions of the Koreish Caravans.
41. The nine alleged interceptions of the Koreish caravans 57 42. The interceptions were impossible under the circumstances in which Mohammad was placed 59 43. The interceptions, if occurred, were justified by way of reprisal 60
IX.—The alleged Assassinations.
44. Instances of the alleged assassinations cited 61 45. Mr. Stanley Poole quoted 62 46. Asma-bint Marwan 63 47. The story deserves not our belief 64 48. Abu Afak 65 49. Kab, son of Ashraf 66 50. Mohammad could never have had any share in Kab's murder 68 51. Sofian bin Khalid 69 52. Justification of Sofian's alleged murder 70 53. Abu Rafe 72 54. Oseir bin Zarim 73 55. The intended assassination of Abu Sofian 74 56. Irving and Muir quoted; concluding remarks 76
X.—The alleged Cruelties in executing Prisoners of War and others.
57. Treatment of the prisoners of war ib. 58. Law of nations regarding the prisoners of war 77 59. The execution of Nadher Ibn Harith 79 60. The execution of Okba 80 61. Free liberty granted to Ozza, a prisoner of war 81 62. Abul Ozza proved a traitor and was executed ib. 63. The execution of Moavia Ibn Mughira ib. 64. Justification of Mughira's execution 82 65. The intended execution of the prisoners of Badr and the wrong version of Sir W. Muir 83 66. Mohammad was never blamed in the Koran for releasing prisoners 84 67. The Koran enjoins the prisoners of war to be either freely liberated or ransomed, but neither executed nor enslaved 87 68. High treason of the Bani Koreiza against Medina and their execution 88 69. The whole of the Bani Koreiza were never executed ib. 70. The women and
III.—The Defensive Character of the Wars.
17. Verses from the Koran in support of the defensive character of the wars 25 18. What the above quoted verses show 26 19. Justification of the Moslems in taking up arms against their aggressors 27 20. The first aggression after the Hegira was not on the part of Mohammad 28 21. The alleged instances examined 29 22. Hamza and Obeida's expeditions ib. 23. Abwa, Bowat, and Osheira expeditions 30 24. The affair at Nakhla 31 25. At Badr Mohammad came only in his defence 33 26. The first aggression after the Hegira if from Mohammad, might fairly be looked upon as retaliation 34
IV.—The Jews.
27. The Jews broke treaties ib. 28. Bani Kainukaa, Bani Nazeer, Khyber, and Ghatafán 35 29. Notice of them in Koran 37 30. The judgment of Sád 38 31. Defensive character of the expedition against the Jews of Khyber 40
V.—The Christians or Romans.
32. Tabúk, the last expedition ib. 33. Description of the wars concluded 41
VI.—The Intolerance.
34. Mohammad never taught intolerance 43 35. In what sense the wars were religious wars 44 36. The alleged verses of intolerance explained 45 37. Sir William Muir quoted 47 38. Comment on the above quotation 50 39. Object of Mohammad's wars 51
VII.—The Ninth Chapter or Sura Barát.
40. The opening portion of the IX Sura of the Koran only relates to the Koreish who had violated the truce 55
VIII.—The alleged Interceptions of the Koreish Caravans.
41. The nine alleged interceptions of the Koreish caravans 57 42. The interceptions were impossible under the circumstances in which Mohammad was placed 59 43. The interceptions, if occurred, were justified by way of reprisal 60
IX.—The alleged Assassinations.
44. Instances of the alleged assassinations cited 61 45. Mr. Stanley Poole quoted 62 46. Asma-bint Marwan 63 47. The story deserves not our belief 64 48. Abu Afak 65 49. Kab, son of Ashraf 66 50. Mohammad could never have had any share in Kab's murder 68 51. Sofian bin Khalid 69 52. Justification of Sofian's alleged murder 70 53. Abu Rafe 72 54. Oseir bin Zarim 73 55. The intended assassination of Abu Sofian 74 56. Irving and Muir quoted; concluding remarks 76
X.—The alleged Cruelties in executing Prisoners of War and others.
57. Treatment of the prisoners of war ib. 58. Law of nations regarding the prisoners of war 77 59. The execution of Nadher Ibn Harith 79 60. The execution of Okba 80 61. Free liberty granted to Ozza, a prisoner of war 81 62. Abul Ozza proved a traitor and was executed ib. 63. The execution of Moavia Ibn Mughira ib. 64. Justification of Mughira's execution 82 65. The intended execution of the prisoners of Badr and the wrong version of Sir W. Muir 83 66. Mohammad was never blamed in the Koran for releasing prisoners 84 67. The Koran enjoins the prisoners of war to be either freely liberated or ransomed, but neither executed nor enslaved 87 68. High treason of the Bani Koreiza against Medina and their execution 88 69. The whole of the Bani Koreiza were never executed ib. 70. The women and
Page 4
children of Bani Koreiza were never sold 89 71. The exaggerated number of persons executed 91
XI.—Some Miscellaneous Objections refuted.
72. The execution of Omm Kirfa for brigandage 92 73. The alleged mutilation of the Urnee robbers 93 74. Amputation or banishment substituted temporarily in place of imprisonment for want of a well organized system of jails 95 75. Torture of Kinana 96 76. The alleged execution of a singing girl 97 77. The charitable spirit of Mohammad towards his enemies 98 78. Abu Basir not countenanced by the Prophet in contravention to the spirit of the treaty of Hodeibia 101 79. Nueim not employed by the Prophet to circulate false reports in the enemy's camp 102 80. Deception in war allowed by the International Law ib. 81. Lecky's standard of morality 104 82. The alleged permission to kill the Jews 106 83. Sir W. Muir quoted 108 84. The expulsion of the Bani Nazeer ib. 85. Their fruit-trees were not cut down 109 86. Females and the treaty of Hodeibia 110 87. Stanley defended 111 88. Marriage a strict bond of union 113
The Popular Jihád.
89. The Koran enjoins only defensive wars 114 90. The Mohammadan Common Law and the Jihád 116 91. When is Jihád a positive injunction ib. 92. The Hedáya quoted and refuted 117 93. Rule of interpretation 118 94. The Common Law and its commentators 119 95. Kifáya quoted 120 96. Further quotations 121 97. The Kifáya refuted 122 98. S. IX, 5, discussed 123 99. S. II, 189, discussed ib. 100. S. II, 189, and VIII, 40, are defensive 124 101. All injunctions were local and for the time being 125 102. Ainee quoted and refuted ib. 103. Sarakhsee quoted and refuted 126 104. Ibn Hajar quoted 128 105. Ibn Hajar refuted 129 106. Halabi quoted ib. 107. Halabi refuted 132 108. Ainee again quoted and refuted ib. 109. Continuation of the above 133 110. Traditions quoted and refuted ib. 111. Early Moslem legists against the Jihád 134 112. Biographical sketches of the legists 135 113. European writers' mistakes 137 114. Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted 138 115. Islam not aggressive 139 116. Mr. Freeman quoted and refuted 140 117. The Revd. Mr. Stephens quoted and refuted 141 118. Mr. Bosworth Smith quoted and refuted 143 119. Mr. George Sale quoted and refuted ib. 120. Major Osborn quoted 146 121. Major Osborn refuted 149 122. The IX Sura of the Koran ib. 123. The Revd. Mr. Wherry quoted 150 124. Example cited from Jewish history explained 152 125. Mosaic injunctions 153 126. The Revd. Mr. Hughes quoted and refuted 154 127. Meaning of the word Jihád 155 128. Sura XLVIII, 5, explained 156 129. The Revd. Malcolm MacColl quoted 157 130. The untenable theories of the Mohammadan Common Law 158-161
APPENDIX A.
1. Jihád or Jihd in the Koran does not mean war or crusade 163 2. Classical meaning of Jihád, &c.
XI.—Some Miscellaneous Objections refuted.
72. The execution of Omm Kirfa for brigandage 92 73. The alleged mutilation of the Urnee robbers 93 74. Amputation or banishment substituted temporarily in place of imprisonment for want of a well organized system of jails 95 75. Torture of Kinana 96 76. The alleged execution of a singing girl 97 77. The charitable spirit of Mohammad towards his enemies 98 78. Abu Basir not countenanced by the Prophet in contravention to the spirit of the treaty of Hodeibia 101 79. Nueim not employed by the Prophet to circulate false reports in the enemy's camp 102 80. Deception in war allowed by the International Law ib. 81. Lecky's standard of morality 104 82. The alleged permission to kill the Jews 106 83. Sir W. Muir quoted 108 84. The expulsion of the Bani Nazeer ib. 85. Their fruit-trees were not cut down 109 86. Females and the treaty of Hodeibia 110 87. Stanley defended 111 88. Marriage a strict bond of union 113
The Popular Jihád.
89. The Koran enjoins only defensive wars 114 90. The Mohammadan Common Law and the Jihád 116 91. When is Jihád a positive injunction ib. 92. The Hedáya quoted and refuted 117 93. Rule of interpretation 118 94. The Common Law and its commentators 119 95. Kifáya quoted 120 96. Further quotations 121 97. The Kifáya refuted 122 98. S. IX, 5, discussed 123 99. S. II, 189, discussed ib. 100. S. II, 189, and VIII, 40, are defensive 124 101. All injunctions were local and for the time being 125 102. Ainee quoted and refuted ib. 103. Sarakhsee quoted and refuted 126 104. Ibn Hajar quoted 128 105. Ibn Hajar refuted 129 106. Halabi quoted ib. 107. Halabi refuted 132 108. Ainee again quoted and refuted ib. 109. Continuation of the above 133 110. Traditions quoted and refuted ib. 111. Early Moslem legists against the Jihád 134 112. Biographical sketches of the legists 135 113. European writers' mistakes 137 114. Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted 138 115. Islam not aggressive 139 116. Mr. Freeman quoted and refuted 140 117. The Revd. Mr. Stephens quoted and refuted 141 118. Mr. Bosworth Smith quoted and refuted 143 119. Mr. George Sale quoted and refuted ib. 120. Major Osborn quoted 146 121. Major Osborn refuted 149 122. The IX Sura of the Koran ib. 123. The Revd. Mr. Wherry quoted 150 124. Example cited from Jewish history explained 152 125. Mosaic injunctions 153 126. The Revd. Mr. Hughes quoted and refuted 154 127. Meaning of the word Jihád 155 128. Sura XLVIII, 5, explained 156 129. The Revd. Malcolm MacColl quoted 157 130. The untenable theories of the Mohammadan Common Law 158-161
APPENDIX A.
1. Jihád or Jihd in the Koran does not mean war or crusade 163 2. Classical meaning of Jihád, &c.
Page 5
tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">164 3. Post-classical or technical meaning of Jihád 165 4. The classical logic and Arabian poets ib. 5. The conjugation and declination of Jahd or Jihád in the Koran 166 6. The number of instances in which they occur in the Koran 167 7. In what sense they are used in the Koran 168 8. Conventional significations of Jihád 169 9. Mohammadan commentators, &c., quoted 170 10. When the word Jihád was diverted from its original signification to its figurative meaning of waging religious wars 171 11. All verses of the Koran containing the word Jihád and its derivations quoted and explained 176 12. The above verses quoted with remarks 177
The Meccan Suras.
13. Lokman, XXXI, 14 ib. 14. Furkan, XXV, 53, 521 178 15. The Pilgrimage, XXII, 76, 78 ib. 16. The Bee, XVI, 108, 111 179 17. The Spider, XXIX, 5 180 18. Ibid, 7 ib. 19. Ibid, 69 ib. 20. The Bee, XVI, 40 181 21. Creator, XXXV, 40 ib.
The Medinite Suras.
22. The Cow or Heifer, II, 215 182 23. Al Amran, III, 136 ib. 24. The Spoils, VIII, 73 183 25. Ibid. 75 ib. 26. Ibid. 76 ib. 27. The Cattle, VI, 109 ib. 28. Mohammad, XLVII, 33 184 29. Battle Array, LXI, 11 ib. 30. Woman. IV. 97 185 31. Light. XXIV, 52 ib. 32. The Forbidding. LXVI, 9 ib. 33. The Immunity. IX, 74 186 36. The Tried, LX, 1 187 35. Hatib's Story 188 36. The Apartment, XLIX, 15 ib. 37. The Immunity, IX, 16 ib. 38. Ibid. 19 ib. 39. Ibid, 20 189 40. Ibid, 24 ib. 41. Ibid, 41 ib. 42. Ibid, 44 190 43. Ibid, 82 ib. 44. Ibid, 87 ib. 45. Ibid, 89 191 46. The Table, V, 39 ib. 47. Ibid, 58 ib. 48. Ibid, 59 ib. 49. Jihád does not mean the waging of war 192 50. Katal and Kitál ib. 51. Conclusion ib.
APPENDIX B.
1. Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran 193 2. Measures taken by the Koran to abolish future slavery 194 3. None of the prisoners of war was enslaved 196 4. Bani Koreiza not enslaved 198 5. Rihana 201 6. Omar, the second Khalif, liberated all the Arab slaves 202 7. Concubinage 203 8. Maria the Coptic 204 9. Despatch of Mokowkas 205 10&11. Maria neither a slave nor a concubine 207 12. Maria had no son 209 13. The story of Maria and Haphsa a spurious one 211 14. The affair not noticed in the early biographies 212 15. Sir W. Muir's authority not valid ib. 16. The best commentators and traditionalists refute the story 214 17. The story not accredited by the Koran ib. 18. The story when fabricated ib. 19. Zeinab's case 215 20. The story a spurious one 216 21. Sir W. Muir's conjectures not justified 217 22. A wrong translation of Sir W. Muir 219 23. In Zeinab's case no exceptional privilege was secured 220 24. The false story traced to Mukatil ib. 25. Katádas conjectural interpretation not warranted 222 26. Other conjectures
The Meccan Suras.
13. Lokman, XXXI, 14 ib. 14. Furkan, XXV, 53, 521 178 15. The Pilgrimage, XXII, 76, 78 ib. 16. The Bee, XVI, 108, 111 179 17. The Spider, XXIX, 5 180 18. Ibid, 7 ib. 19. Ibid, 69 ib. 20. The Bee, XVI, 40 181 21. Creator, XXXV, 40 ib.
The Medinite Suras.
22. The Cow or Heifer, II, 215 182 23. Al Amran, III, 136 ib. 24. The Spoils, VIII, 73 183 25. Ibid. 75 ib. 26. Ibid. 76 ib. 27. The Cattle, VI, 109 ib. 28. Mohammad, XLVII, 33 184 29. Battle Array, LXI, 11 ib. 30. Woman. IV. 97 185 31. Light. XXIV, 52 ib. 32. The Forbidding. LXVI, 9 ib. 33. The Immunity. IX, 74 186 36. The Tried, LX, 1 187 35. Hatib's Story 188 36. The Apartment, XLIX, 15 ib. 37. The Immunity, IX, 16 ib. 38. Ibid. 19 ib. 39. Ibid, 20 189 40. Ibid, 24 ib. 41. Ibid, 41 ib. 42. Ibid, 44 190 43. Ibid, 82 ib. 44. Ibid, 87 ib. 45. Ibid, 89 191 46. The Table, V, 39 ib. 47. Ibid, 58 ib. 48. Ibid, 59 ib. 49. Jihád does not mean the waging of war 192 50. Katal and Kitál ib. 51. Conclusion ib.
APPENDIX B.
1. Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran 193 2. Measures taken by the Koran to abolish future slavery 194 3. None of the prisoners of war was enslaved 196 4. Bani Koreiza not enslaved 198 5. Rihana 201 6. Omar, the second Khalif, liberated all the Arab slaves 202 7. Concubinage 203 8. Maria the Coptic 204 9. Despatch of Mokowkas 205 10&11. Maria neither a slave nor a concubine 207 12. Maria had no son 209 13. The story of Maria and Haphsa a spurious one 211 14. The affair not noticed in the early biographies 212 15. Sir W. Muir's authority not valid ib. 16. The best commentators and traditionalists refute the story 214 17. The story not accredited by the Koran ib. 18. The story when fabricated ib. 19. Zeinab's case 215 20. The story a spurious one 216 21. Sir W. Muir's conjectures not justified 217 22. A wrong translation of Sir W. Muir 219 23. In Zeinab's case no exceptional privilege was secured 220 24. The false story traced to Mukatil ib. 25. Katádas conjectural interpretation not warranted 222 26. Other conjectures
Page 6
href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@20927@[email protected]#Page_223" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">223
APPENDIX C.
I.— The verses of the Koran referring to the persecution of the Koreish at Mecca 225 II.— The verses of the Koran referring to the aggressions of the Koreish at Medina as well as those of the inhabitants thereof ib. III.— The verses of the Koran alluding to the wars of defence against the Koreish and Arabs, &c., with several references to their aggressions ib. IV.— The verses of the Koran alluding to the various battles 226
APPENDIX C.
I.— The verses of the Koran referring to the persecution of the Koreish at Mecca 225 II.— The verses of the Koran referring to the aggressions of the Koreish at Medina as well as those of the inhabitants thereof ib. III.— The verses of the Koran alluding to the wars of defence against the Koreish and Arabs, &c., with several references to their aggressions ib. IV.— The verses of the Koran alluding to the various battles 226