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ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY.
Edited by R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., etc.
A HAND-BOOK
TO THE
PRIMATES.
BY
HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.Z.S., etc.,
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, LIVERPOOL,
Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,"
etc., etc., etc.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED,
13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
1894.
PREFACE.
The great increase in our knowledge of animals which has taken place since the volume on Monkeys was published in "Jardine's Naturalist's Library" some sixty years ago, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact that our excellent contributor, Dr. H. O. Forbes, has found it impossible to compress that knowledge into a single volume of the present issue. There is, moreover, no Museum which contains such a complete series of skins of the Primates, as to render a perfect "monograph" of the Order possible. Dr. Forbes has endeavoured in these volumes to bring the subject up to date, and has devoted some years of study to the two which now appear under his name, and he has had the great advantage of having seen many of the species of which these volumes treat, in a state of nature. If diligent research and patient work, combined with a sound anatomical knowledge and an acquaintance with many species of Monkeys in their natural habitat, avail anything, then these volumes should present to the student a more concise epitome of the characteristics of the Primates than any other essay yet offered to the public. It has been found impossible to reproduce any of the plates in the old "Naturalist's Library" of Jardine. They would have formed, with appropriate inscriptions, a very good instalment of a series of "Comic Natural History" volumes, as they were, in fact, nothing but a set of extraordinary caricatures of Monkeys. I have, therefore, again to acknowledge the liberality of the publishers, in adopting my suggestion that a perfectly new set of illustrations should be prepared. These have been executed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, with a result, I hope, that will satisfy the reader.
R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
INTRODUCTION.
In the first volume will be found an account of the Lemuroidea, and the Anthropoidea as far as the group of the Macaques of the family Cercopithecidæ. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates.
I have not attempted to write a complete synonymy of the species of Monkeys. The literature is scattered over many, often obscure, periodicals, and without seeing the actual specimens described by some of the older writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal references.
I must express my obligation to Dr. Günther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint.
Dr. Forsyth Major, who is well-known as one of the foremost authorities on the Lemurs, not only gave me valuable information as to the species and literature of the Lemuroidea, but was even so good as to furnish me with the descriptions of several new species.
Lastly, to my friend the Editor, I have to return my sincere thanks for the patience with which he has revised my MSS., and for the verification of numbers of references, only to be found in the great libraries of London, and inaccessible to an author dwelling in the provinces.
HENRY O. FORBES.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
PAGE ORDER PRIMATES 1 SUB-ORDER I. LEMUROIDEA 8 FAMILY I. CHIROMYIDÆ 14 I. Chiromys, Cuvier 14 01. madagascariensis (Gm.) 14 FAMILY II. TARSIIDÆ 18 I. Tarsius, Storr. 18 01. tarsius (Erxl.) 20, 286 02. fuscus, Fischer 21 FAMILY III. LEMURIDÆIV. Opolemur, Gray
61 01. samati (Grandid.) 62 02. thomasi, Forsyth Major 63 SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINÆ 64 I. Lemur, Linn.II. Propithecus, Bennett
II. Midas, Geoffr.
138 01. rosalia (Linn.) 138 02. geoffroyi (Pucher.) 139 03. œdipus (Linn.) 140 04. labiatus, Geoffr. 141 05. rufiventer, Gray 142 α. mystax, Spix 142 β. pileatus, Is. Geoffr. 143 06. weddelli, Deville 143 07. nigrifrons, Geoffr. 143 08. fuscicollis, Spix 144 09. chrysopygus (Wagner) 144 10. nigricollis, Spix 145 11. illigeri (Pucher.) 145 12. bicolor, Spix 147 13. midas (Linn.) 148 14. ursulus, Geoffr. 148 FAMILY II. CEBIDÆ 150 SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECINÆ 152 I. Chrysothrix, Kaup 152 01. usta (Is. Geoffr.) 154 02. entomophaga (d'Orb.) 155 03. sciurea (Linn.) 156 04. œrstedi, Reinh. 158 II. Callithrix, Geoffr. 158 01. torquata (Hoffm.) 159 02. cuprea, Spix 160 03. amicta03. rufipes, Sclater
169 04. azaræ (Humb.) 170 05. felinus, Spix 170 SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIINÆ 173 I. Brachyurus, Spix 174 01. melanocephalus (Humb.) 175 02. rubicundus, Is. Geoffr. 176 03. calvus, Is. Geoffr. 177 II. Pithecia, Geoffr. 182 01. monachus, Humb. and Bonpl. 182 02. pithecia (Linn.) 185 03. satanas (Hoffm.) 186 04. chiropotes (Humb.) 187 05. albinasa, Is. Geoffr. 188 SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ 189 I. Alouatta, Lacép. 192 01. seniculus, Linn. 192 02. nigra (Geoffr.) 195 03. beelzebul (L.) 197 04. ursina (Humb.) 198 05. villosa (Gray)15. subcristatus, Gray
218 16. capillatus, Gray 219 17. azaræ, Rennger 219 18. fallax, Schl. 220 II. Lagothrix, Geoffr. 220 01. lagothrix (Humb.) 222 02. infumatus (Spix) 223 III. Brachyteles, Spix 224 01. arachnoides (Geoffr.) 226 IV. Ateles, Geoffr. 227 01. variegatus, Wagner 231 02. geoffroyi, Kuhl 233 03. rufiventris, Scl. 236 04. paniscus (Linn.) 237 05. marginatus, Kuhl 239 06. ater, F. Cuv. 241