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Early Britain—Roman Britain
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Early Britain—Roman Britain

by Conybeare John William Edward

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, Early Britain--Roman Britain, by Edward Conybeare

Title: Early Britain--Roman Britain

Author: Edward Conybeare

Release Date: July 14, 2004 [eBook #12910]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY BRITAIN--ROMAN BRITAIN***



E-text prepared by Paul Murray, Bill Hershey,
and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders




A MAP OF BRITAIN to illustrate THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.
London: Published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

EARLY BRITAIN.

ROMAN BRITAIN

BY

EDWARD CONYBEARE


WITH MAP

1903

ERRATA.

p.   vii.   for Caesar 55 A.D. read Caesar 55 B.C. " 56   " 11th century " 12th century. " 58   " Damnonian Name " Damnonian name. " 66   " ἠδικὴν [êdikên] " ἠθικὴν [aethikaen] " 108   " sunrise " sunset. " 133   " some lost authority " Suetonius. " 141   " DONATE " DONANTE. " 150   " Venta Silurum " Isca Silurum. " 185   " is flanked " was flanked. " 209   " iambic " trochaic. " "   " Exquis " Ex quis. " 213   " one priceless " once priceless. " 232   " in pieces " to pieces. " 238   " constrigit " constringit. "   "   " Sparas " Sparsas.

PREFACE


A little book on a great subject, especially when that book is one of a "series," is notoriously an object of literary distrust. For the limitations thus imposed upon the writer are such as few men can satisfactorily cope with, and he must needs ask the indulgence of his readers for his painfully-felt shortcomings in dealing with the mass of material which he has to manipulate. And more especially is this the case when the volume which immediately precedes his in the series is such a mine of erudition as the 'Celtic Britain' of Professor Rhys.

In the present work my object has been to give a readable sketch of the historical growth and decay of Roman influence in Britain, illustrated by the archaeology of the period, rather than a mainly archaeological treatise with a bare outline of the history. The chief authorities of which I have made use are thus those original classical sources for the early history of our island, so carefully and ably collected in the 'Monumenta Historica Britannica';[1] which, along with Huebner's 'Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum[2],' must always be the foundation of every work on Roman Britain. Amongst the many other authorities consulted I must acknowledge my special debt to Mr. Elton's 'Origins of English History'; and yet more to Mr. Haverfield's invaluable publications in the 'Antiquary' and elsewhere, without which to keep abreast of the incessant development of my subject by the antiquarian spade-work now going on all over the land would be an almost hopeless task.

EDWARD CONYBEARE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


A complete Bibliography of Roman Britain would be wholly beyond the scope of the present work. Much of the most valuable material, indeed, has never been published in book form, and must be sought out in the articles of the 'Antiquary,' 'Hermes,' etc., and the reports of the many local Archaeological Societies. All that is here attempted is to indicate some of the more valuable of the many scores of sources to which my pages are indebted.

To begin with the ancient authorities. These range through upwards of a thousand years; from Herodotus in the 5th century before Christ, to Gildas in the 6th century after. From about 100 A.D. onwards we find that almost every known classical authority makes more or less mention of Britain. A list of over a hundred such authors is given in the 'Monumenta Historica Britannica'; and upwards of fifty are quoted in this present work. Historians, poets, geographers, naturalists, statesmen, ecclesiastics, all give touches which help out our delineation of Roman Britain.

Amongst the historians the most important are—Caesar, who tells his own tale; Tacitus, to whom we owe our main knowledge of the Conquest, with the later stages of which he was contemporary; Dion Cassius, who wrote his history in the next century, the 2nd A.D.;[3] the various Imperial biographers of the 3rd century; the Imperial panegyrists of the 4th, along with Ammianus Marcellinus, who towards the close of that century connects and supplements their stories; Claudian, the poet-historian of the 5th century, whose verses throw a lurid gleam on his own disastrous age, when Roman authority in Britain was at its last gasp; and finally the British writers, Nennius and Gildas, whose "monotonous plaint" shows that authority dead and gone, with the first stirring of our new national life already quickening amid the decay.

Of geographical and general information we gain most from Strabo, in the Augustan age, who tells what earlier and greater geographers than himself had already discovered about our island; Pliny the Elder, who, in the next century, found the ethnology and botany of Britain so valuable for his 'Natural History'; Ptolemy, a generation later yet, who includes an elaborate survey of our island in his stupendous Atlas (as it would now be called) of the world;[4] and the unknown compilers of the 'Itinerary,' the 'Notitia,' and the 'Ravenna Geography.' To these must be added the epigrammatist Martial, who lived at the time of the Conquest, and whose references to British matters throw a precious light on the social connection between Britain and Rome which aids us to trace something of the earliest dawn of Christianity in our land.

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ANCIENT AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK

NAME. REFERENCE. APPROXIMATE DATE, ETC. Aelian III. A. 6 A.D. 220. Naturalist. Appian IV. D. 1 A.D. 140. Historian. Aristides V.E. 4 A.D. 160. Orator. Aristotle I.C. 1 B.C. 333. Philosopher. St. Athanasius V.B. 1, etc. A.D. 333. Theologian. Ausonius V.B. 7 A.D. 380. Poet. Caesar V. etc. B.C. 55.   Historian. Capitolinus IV. E. 3 A.D. 290. Imperial Biographer. Catullus V.E. 4 B.C. 33.   Poet. St. Chrysostom V.E. 15, etc. A.D. 380. Theologian. Cicero I.D. 3, etc. B.C. 55.   Orator, etc. Claudian vi. etc. A.D. 400. Poet-Historian. St. Clement V.E. 4 A.D. 80.   Theologian. Constantius V.F. 4 A.D. 480. Ecclesiastical Biographer. Diodorus Siculus I.E. 11, etc. B.C. 44.   Geographer. Dion Cassius v. etc. A.D. 150. Historian. Dioscorides I.E. 4 A.D. 80.   Physician. Eumenius V.A. 1 A.D. 310. Imperial Panegyrist. Eutropius V.A. 1 A.D. 300. Imperial Panegyrist. Firmicus V.B. 2 A.D. 350. Controversialist. Frontinus III. A. 1 A.D. 80.   Wrote on Tactics. Fronto IV. D. 2 A.D. 100. Historian. Gildas vi. etc. A.D. 500. Theologian. Hegesippus II. F. 3 A.D. 150. Historian. Herodian IV. E. 3 A.D. 220. Historian. Herodotus I.C. 3 B.C. 444. Historian, etc. St. Hilary V.B. 3 A.D. 350. Theologian. Horace III. A. 7 B.C. 25.   Poet. Itinerary IV. A. 7 A.D. 200. St. Jerome V.C. 12 A.D. 400. Theologian. Josephus III. F. 1 A.D. 70.   Historian. Juvenal III. F. 5 A.D. 75.   Satirist. Lampridius IV. E. 1 A.D. 290. Imperial Biographer. Lucan II. E. 1 A.D. 60.   Historical Poet. Mamertinus V.A. 5 A.D. 280. Panegyrist. Marcellinus vi. etc. A.D. 380. Historian. Martial vi. etc. A.D. 70.   Epigrammatist. Maximus II. C. 13 A.D. 30.   Wrote Memorabilia. Mela I.H. 7 A.D. 50.   Geographer, etc. Menologia Graeca V.E. 5 A.D. 550. Minucius Felix I.E. 2 A.D. 210. Geographer. Nemesianus IV. C. 15 A.D. 280. Wrote on Hunting. Nennius vi. etc. A.D. 500. Historian. Notitia vi. etc. A.D. 406. Olympiodorus V.C. 10 A.D. 425. Historian. Onomacritus I.C. 1 B.C. 333. Poet. Oppian IV. C. 15 A.D. 140. Wrote on Hunting Origen V.E. 13 A.D. 220. Theologian. Pliny vi. etc. A.D. 70.   Naturalist. Plutarch I.C. 1 A.D. 80.   Historian, etc. Polyaenus II. E. 8 A.D. 180. Wrote on Tactics. Procopius V.D. 5 A.D. 555. Wrote on Geography, etc. Propertius III. 1. 7 B.C. 10.   Poet. Prosper V.F. 4 A.D. 450. Ecclesiastical Historian. Prudentius IV. C. 15 A.D. 370. Ecclesiastical Poet. Ptolemy v. etc. A.D. 120. Geographer. Ravenna Geography vi. etc. A.D. 450. Seneca III. C. 7 A.D. 60.   Philosopher. Sidonius Apollinaris V.F. 3 A.D. 475. Letters. Solinus I.E. 4, etc. A.D. 80.   Geographer. Spartianus IV. D. 2 A.D. 303. Historian. Strabo vi. etc. B.C. 20. Geographer. Suetonius I.H. 10 A.D. 110. Imperial Biographer. Symmachus IV. C. 15 A.D. 390. Statesman, etc. Tacitus v. etc. A.D. 80.   Historian. Tertullian V.E. 11 A.D. 180. Theologian. Theodoret V.E. 4 A.D. 420. Wrote Commentaries. Tibullus III. A. 7 B.C. 20.   Poet. Timaeus I.D. 2 B.C. 300. Geographer. Vegetius V.B. 5 A.D. 380. Historian. Venantius V.E. 4 A.D. 580. Wrote Ecclesiastical Poems. Victor V.A. 9 A.D. 380. Historian. Virgil III. 1. 7 B.C. 30.   Poet. Vitruvius I.G. 5 A.D.        Wrote on Geography, etc. Vobiscus IV. C. 17 A.D. 290. Historian. Xiphilinus vi. etc. A.D. 1200. Abridged Dio Cassius. Zosimus V.C. 11 A.D. 400. Historian.

LATER AUTHORITIES


The constant accession of new material, especially from the unceasing spade-work always going on in every quarter of the island, makes modern books on Roman Britain tend to become obsolete, sometimes with startling rapidity. But even when not quite up to date, a well-written book is almost always very far from worthless, and much may be learnt from any in the following list:—

BABCOCK     'The Two Last Centuries of Roman Britain' (1891). BARNES     'Ancient Britain' (1858). BROWNE, BISHOP     'The Church before Augustine' (1895). BRUCE     'Handbook to the Roman Wall' (1895). CAMDEN     'Britannia' (1587). COOTE     'Romans in Britain' (1878). DAWKINS     'Early Man in Britain' (1880).     'The Place of the Welsh in English History' (1889). DILL     'Roman Society' (1899). ELTON     'Origins of English History' (1890). EVANS, SIR J.     'British Coins' (1869).     'Bronze Implements' (1881).     'Stone Implements' (1897). FREEMAN     'Historical Essays' (1879).     'English Towns'
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(1883).     'Tyrants of Britain' (1886). FROUDE     'Julius Caesar' (1879). GUEST     'Origines Celticae' (1883). HADDAN AND STUBBS     'Concilia' (1869).     'Remains' (1876). HARDY     'Monumenta Historica Britannica' (1848). HAVERFIELD     'Roman World' (1899), etc. HODGKIN     'Italy and her Invaders' (1892), etc. HOGARTH (ed.)     'Authority and Archaeology' (1899). HORSLEY     'Britannia Romana' (1732). HUEBNER     'Inscriptiones Britannicae Romanae' (1873).     'Inscriptiones Britannicae'     'Christianae' (1876), etc. KEMBLE     'Saxons in England' (1876). KENRICK     'Phoenicia' (1855).     'Papers on History' (1864). LEWIN     'Invasion of Britain' (1862). LUBBOCK, SIR J.     'Origin of Civilization' (1889). LYALL     'Natural Religion' (1891). LYELL     'Antiquity of Man' (1873). MAINE, SIR H.     'Early History of Institutions' (1876). MAITLAND     'Domesday Studies' (1897). MARQUARDT     'Römische Staatsverwaltung' (1873). MOMMSEN     'Provinces of the Roman Empire' (1865). NEILSON     'Per Lineam Valli' (1892). PEARSON     'Historical Atlas of Britain' (1870). RHYS     'Celtic Britain' (1882).     'Celtic Heathendom' (1888).     'Welsh People' (1900). ROLLESTON     'British Barrows' (1877).     'Prehistoric Fauna' (1880). SCARTH     'Roman Britain' (1885). SMITH, C.R.     'Collectanea' (1848), etc. TOZER     'History of Ancient Geography' (1897). TRAILL AND MANN     'Social England' (1901). USHER, BP.     'British Ecclesiastical Antiquity' (1639). VINE     'Caesar in Kent' (1899). WRIGHT     'Celt, Roman and Saxon' (1875).



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE


DATE     EVENTS.         EMPEROR. B.C. 350 (?)     Pytheas discovers Britain [I.D. 1] 100 (?)     Divitiacus Overlord of Britain (?)     [II. B. 4]     Gauls settle on Thames and Humber     (?) [I.F. 4]     Posidonius visits Britain [I.D. 3]     Birth of Julius Caesar [II. A. 6] 58     Caesar conquers Gaul [II. A. 9] 56     Sea-fight with Veneti and Britons     [II. B. 3] 55     First invasion of Britain     [II. C., D.]     Cassivellaunus Overlord of Britain     (?) [II. F. 3]     Mandubratius, exiled Prince of     Trinobantes, appeals to Caesar (?)     [II. E. 10] 54     Second Invasion of Britain     [II. E., F., G.] 52     Revolt of Gaul. Commius, Prince     of Arras, flies to Britain and     reigns in South-east [III. A. 1] 44     Caesar slain [II. G. 9] 32     Battle of Actium [III. A. 6]         Augustus.     About this time the sons of Commius     reign in Kent, etc., Addeomarus     over Iceni, and Tasciovan     at Verulam [III. A. 1] A.D.     About this time the Commian     princes are overthrown     [III. A. 2]     Cymbeline, son of Tasciovan, becomes     Overlord of Britain     [III. A. 4]. Commians appeal to     Augustus [III. A. 5] 14     Death of Augustus         Tiberius. 29     Consulship of the Gemini. The     Crucifixion (?) 37     Death of Tiberius         Caligula. 40 (?)     Cymbeline banishes Adminius,     who appeals to Rome [III. A. 5]     Caligula threatens invasion     [III. A. 6] 41     Caligula poisoned [III. A. 9]         Claudius.     Death of Cymbeline (?). His son     Caradoc succeeds 43     Antedrigus and Vericus contend     for Icenian throne: Vericus appeals     to Rome [III. A. 9] 44     Claudius subdues Britain [III. B.]     Cogidubnus, King in South-east,     made Roman Legate [III. C. 8] 45     Triumph of Claudius     [III. C. 1, 2] 47     Ovation of Aulus Plautius, conqueror     of Britain. [III. C. 2] 48     Vespasian and Titus crush British     guerrillas [III. C. 3] 50     Britain made "Imperial" Province.     Ostorius Pro-praetor     [III. C. 9]     Icenian revolt crushed [III. D.     1-6].     Camelodune a colony [III. D. 8] 51     Silurian revolt under Caradoc     [III. D. 7, 8] 52     Caradoc captive [III. D. 9] 53     Uriconium and Caerleon founded     [III. D. 12] 54     Death of Ostorius [III. D. 11] 55     Didius Gallus Pro-praetor. Last     Silurian effort [III. D. 13]     Death of Claudius [III. D. 13]         Nero.
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56 (?)     Aulus Plautius marries Pomponia     Graecina [V.E. 10] 61     Suetonius Paulinus Pro-praetor     [III. E. 7]     Massacre of Druids in Mona     [III. E. 8, 9]     Boadicean revolt [III. E. 2-13].     St. Peter in Britain (?) [V.E. 5] 62     Turpiliannus Pro-praetor. "Peace"     in Britain [III. E. 13] 63 (?)     Claudia Rufina Marries Pudens     [V.E. 9] 64     Burning of Rome. First Persecution.     St. Paul in Britain (?)     [V.E. 4] 65     Aristobulus Bishop in Britain (?)     [V.E. 5] 68     Death of Nero (June 10)         Galba.     Galba slain (Dec. 16)         Civil War between 69     Otho slain (April 20)         Otho and Vitellius.     Vitellius slain (Dec. 20)     British army under Agricola         Vespasian.     pronounces for Vespasian     [III. F. 1] 70     Cerealis Pro-praetor. Brigantes     subdued by Agricola [III. F. 1]     Destruction of Jerusalem     [IV. C. 5] 75     Frontinus Pro-praetor. Silurians     subdued by Agricola [III. F. 2] 78     Agricola Pro-praetor. Ordovices     and Mona subdued [III. F. 3] 79     Agricola Latinizes Britain [III.         Titus.     F. 4]. Vespasian dies 80     Agricola's first Caledonian campaign     [III. F. 5]. 81     Agricola's rampart from Forth to         Domitian.     Clyde [III. F. 7]. Titus dies 82     Agricola invades Ireland (?) [III.     F. 5] 83     Agricola advances into Northern     Caledonia [III. F. 5]     First circumnavigation of Britain     [III. F. 7] 84     Agricola defeats Galgacus [III.     F. 6], resigns and dies [III. F. 7] 95     Second persecution. Flavia Domitilla     [V.E. 11] 96     Domitian slain         Nerva. 98     Nerva dies         Trajan. 117     Trajan dies         Hadrian. 120     Hadrian visits Britain and builds Wall     [IV. D. 1]     Britain divided into "Upper" and     "Lower" [IV. D. 3]     First "Britannia" coinage [IV. D. 4] 138     Hadrian dies         Antoninus Pius. 139     Lollius Urbicus, Legate in Britain,     replaces Agricola's rampart by turf     wall from Forth to Clyde [IV. D. 5] 140     Britain made Pro-consular [IV. E. 5] 161     Antoninus dies         Marcus Aurelius. 180     British Church organized by Pope     Eleutherius (?) [V.E. 12]     Marcus Aurelius dies         Commodus. 181     Caledonian invasion driven back by     Ulpius Marcellus [IV. E. 1] 184     Commodus "Britannicus" [IV. E. 1] 185     British army mutinies against reforms     of Perennis [IV. E. 1] 187     Pertinax quells mutineers [IV. E. 3] 192     Pertinax superseded by Junius Severus     [IV. E. 3]     Death of Commodus         Interregnum. 193     Pertinax slain by Julianus and Albinus.         Pertinax; Julianus;     Julianus slain         Albinus; Severus.     Severus proclaimed. Albinus Emperor in     Britain [IV. E. 3] 197     British army defeated at Lyons.         Severus.     Albinus slain [IV. E. 3] 201     Vinius Lupus, Pro-praetor, buys off     Caledonians [IV. E. 4] 208     Caledonian invasion. Severus comes to     Britain [IV. E. 5] 209     Severus overruns Caledonia     [IV. E. 5] 210     Severus completes Hadrian's Wall     [IV. E. 6] 211     Severus dies at York [IV. G. 2]         Caracalla.         Geta. 212     Geta murdered [IV. G. 2]         Caracalla. 215 (?)     Roman citizenship extended to     British provincials [IV. G. 2] (?)     Itinerary of Antonius [IV. A. 7] 217     Caracalla slain         Macrinus. 218     Macrinus slain         Helagabalus. 222     Helagabalus slain         Alexander Severus. 235     Alexander Severus slain         Maximin. 238     Maximin slain         Gordian. 244     Gordian slain         Philip. 249     Philip slain         Decius. 251     Decius slain         Gallus. 254     Gallus slain         Valerian.         {Gallienus. 258     Postumus proclaimed Emperor in     Britain [V.A. 1] 260     Valerian slain         Gallienus.
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265     Victorinus associated with     Postumus [V.A. 1] 268     Gallienus slain         Tetricus. 269     Tetricus slain         Claudius Gothicus. 270     Claudius Gothicus dies         Aurelian. 273 (?)     Constantius Chlorus marries     Helen, a British lady [V.A. 6] 274     Constantine the Great born at     York [V.A. 6] 275     Aurelian slain         Tacitus. 276     Tacitus slain         Florianus.     Florianus slain         Probus. 277     Vandal prisoners deported to     Britain [V.A. 1] 282     Probus slain         Carus. 283     Carus dies         Numerian. 284     Numerian dies         Carinus. 285     Carinus dies         Diocletian.         Maximian. 286     Carausius, first "Count of the     Saxon Shore," becomes Emperor     in Britain [V.A. 3] 292     Constantine and Galerius "Caesars"     [V.A. 5] 294     Carausius murdered by Allectus     [V.A. 4] 296     Constantius slays Allectus and     recovers Britain [V.A. 7, 8]     Britain divided into four "Diocletian"     Provinces [V.A. 9] 303     Tenth Persecution. Martyrdom     of St. Alban [V.A. 11] 305     Diocletian and Maximian abdicate         Constantius.     [V.A. 12]         Galerius. 306     Constantius dies at York [V.A.     13]. Constantine, Galerius,     Maxentius, Licinius, etc., contend         Interregnum.     for Empire [V.A. 14] 312     Constantine with British Army     wins at Milvian Bridge, and     embraces Christianity [V.A. 14]         Constantine. 314     Council of Arles [V.E. 14] 325     Council of Nicaea [V.B. 1]         Constantine II. 337     Constantine dies         Constantius II.         Constans. 340     Constantine II. dies 343     Constans and Constantius II. visit     Britain [V.B. 1] 350     Constans slain. Usurpation of         Constantius II.     Magnentius in Britain [V.B. 3] 353     Magnentius dies [V.B. 3] 358     Britain under Julian. Exportation     of corn [V.B. 4] 360     Council of Ariminum [V.E. 14] 361     Death of Constantius [V.B. 6]         Julian. 362     Lupicinus, Legate in Britain, repels     first attacks of Picts     and Scots [V.B. 5] 363     Julian dies         Valentinian.         Valens. 365     Saxons, Picts, and Scots ravage     shores of Britain [V.B. 7]         Valentinian. 366     Gratian associated in Empire         Valens.         Gratian. 367     Great barbarian raid on Britain     Roman commanders slain     [V.B. 7] 368     Theodosius, Governor of Britain,     expels Picts and Scots     [V.B. 7] 369     Theodosius recovers Valentia     [V.B. 7] 374     Saxons invade Britain [V.B. 8]         Valens. 375     Valentinian dies         Gratian.         {Valentinian II.         Gratian. 378     Valens slain. Theodosius associated         Valentinian II.     in Empire         Theodosius. 383     Gratian slain. British Army proclaims         Valentinian II.     Maximus and conquer         Theodosius.     Gaul [V.C. 1] 387     British Army under Maximus take     Rome [V.C. 1] 388     Maximus slain. First British     settlement in Armorica (?) [V.     C. 1] 392     Valentinian II. slain. Penal laws         Theodosius.     against Heathenism 394     Ninias made Bishop of Picts by     Pope Siricius (?) [V.F. 1] 395     Death of Theodosius         Arcadius.         Honorius. 396         Stilicho sends a Legion to protect         Britain (?) [V.C. 1]         Arcadius. 402     Theodosius II. associated in Empire         Honorius.         Theodosius II. 406         Stilicho recalls Legion to meet         Radagaisus [V.C. 2]         'Notitia' composed (?) [V.C. 3-9]         German tribes flood Gaul [V.C. 2] 407     British Army proclaim Constantine     III. and reconquer Gaul [V.C.     10] 408     Arcadius dies. Constantine III.         Honorius.     recognized as
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"Augustus"         Theodosius II.         Constantine III. 410     Visigoths under Alaric take Rome     [V.C. 11] 411     Constantine III. slain         Honorius.         Theodosius II. 413 (?)     Pelagian heresy arises in Britain     [V.F. 3] 415 (?)     Rescript of Honorius to the Cities     of Britain [V.C. 11] 423     Death of Honorius         Theodosius II. 425     Valentinian III., son of Galla         Theodosius II.     Placidia, Emperor of West [V.D. 3]         Valentinian III. 429 (?)     SS. Germanus and Lupus sent to     Britain by Pope Celestine (?)     [V.F. 4] 432 (?)     St. Patrick sent to Ireland by     Pope Celestine [V.F. 2] 435 (?)     Roman Legion sent to aid Britons (?) 436 (?)     Roman forces finally withdrawn (?) 446     Vain appeal of Britons to Actius (?)     [V.D. 2] 447 (?)     The Alleluia Battle [V.F. 4] 449 (?)     Hengist and Horsa settle in     Thanet (?) [V.D. 3] 450 (?)     English defeat Picts at Stamford(?)     [V.B. 2]     Theodosius II. dies         Valentinian III. 455 (?)     Battle of Aylesford begins English     conquest of Britain (?) [V.D. 2]


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