Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" Volume 12, Slice 8

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THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

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VOLUME XII SLICE VIII

Haller, Albrecht to Harmonium

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Articles in This Slice

HALLER, ALBRECHT VON HANDICAP HALLER, BERTHOLD HANDSEL HALLEY, EDMUND HANDSWORTH HALLGRÍMSSON, JÓNAS HANDWRITING HALLIDAY, ANDREW HANG-CHOW-FU HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS, JAMES ORCHARD HANGING HALLOWE’EN HANGÖ HALLSTATT HANKA, WENCESLAUS HALLUCINATION HANLEY HALLUIN HANNA, MARCUS ALONZO HALM, CARL FELIX HANNAY, JAMES HALMA HANNEN, JAMES HANNEN HALMAHERA HANNIBAL (Carthaginian statesman) HALMSTAD HANNIBAL (Missouri, U.S.A.) HALO HANNINGTON, JAMES HALOGENS HANNINGTON HALS, FRANS HANNO HALSBURY, HARDINGE STANLEY GIFFARD HANOI

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@38454@[email protected]#ar19" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">HALSTEAD HANOTAUX, ALBERT AUGUSTE GABRIEL HALT HANOVER (province of Prussia) HALUNTIUM HANOVER (city of Prussia) HALYBURTON, JAMES HANOVER (Indiana, U.S.A.) HALYBURTON, THOMAS HANOVER (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) HAM (son of Noah) HANOVER (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) HAM (town of France) HANRIOT, FRANÇOIS HAMADĀN HANSARD, LUKE HAMADHĀNĪ HANSEATIC LEAGUE HAMAH HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS HAMANN, JOHANN GEORG HANSI HAMAR HANSOM, JOSEPH ALOYSIUS ḤAMĀSA HANSON, SIR RICHARD DAVIES HAMBURG (German state) HANSTEEN, CHRISTOPHER HAMBURG (German seaport) HANTHAWADDY HAMDĀNĪ HANUKKAH HAMELIN, FRANÇOIS ALPHONSE HANUMAN HAMELN HANWAY, JONAS HAMERLING, ROBERT HANWELL HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT HAPARANDA HAMI HAPLODRILI HAMILCAR BARCA

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@38454@[email protected]#ar144" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">HAPTARA HAMILTON HAPUR HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF HARA-KIRI HAMILTON, ALEXANDER HARALD HAMILTON, ANTHONY HARBIN HAMILTON, ELIZABETH HARBINGER HAMILTON, EMMA HARBOUR HAMILTON, JAMES HARBURG HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON HARCOURT HAMILTON, JOHN HARCOURT, SIMON HARCOURT HAMILTON, PATRICK HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON HAMILTON, ROBERT HARCOURT, WILLIAM VERNON HAMILTON, THOMAS HARDANGER FJORD HAMILTON, WILLIAM HARDEE, WILLIAM JOSEPH HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803) HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1788-1856) HARDERWYK HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD HARDICANUTE HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN HARDING, CHESTER HAMILTON (town of Australia) HARDING, JAMES DUFFIELD HAMILTON (river of Canada) HARDINGE, HENRY HARDINGE HAMILTON (city of Canada) HARDOI HAMILTON (burgh of Scotland)

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">HARDOUIN, JEAN HAMILTON (New York, U.S.A.) HARDT, HERMANN VON DER HAMILTON (Ohio, U.S.A.) HARDT, THE HAMIRPUR HARDWAR HAMITIC RACES AND LANGUAGES HARDWICKE, PHILIP YORKE HAMLET HARDY, ALEXANDRE HAMLEY, SIR EDWARD BRUCE HARDY, THOMAS HAMLIN, HANNIBAL HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS HAMM HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN HAMMĀD AR-RĀWIYA HARDYNG, JOHN HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT HAMMER HARE, SIR JOHN HAMMERBEAM ROOF HARE, JULIUS CHARLES HAMMERFEST HARE HAMMER-KOP HAREBELL HAMMER-PURGSTALL, JOSEPH HAREM HAMMERSMITH HARFLEUR HAMMER-THROWING HARIANA HAMMER-TOE HARINGTON, SIR JOHN HAMMOCK ḤARĪRĪ HAMMOND, HENRY HARI-RUD HAMMOND HARISCHANDRA HAMON,

JEAN LOUIS ḤĀRITH IBN ḤILLIZA UL-YASHKURĪ HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND ḤARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON HAMPDEN, JOHN HARKNESS, ALBERT HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON HARKNESS, ROBERT HAMPDEN-SIDNEY HARLAN, JAMES HAMPSHIRE HARLAN, JOHN MARSHALL HAMPSTEAD HARLAND, HENRY HAMPTON, WADE HARLAY DE CHAMPVALLON, FRANÇOIS DE HAMPTON (Middlesex, England) HARLECH HAMPTON (Virginia, U.S.A.) HARLEQUIN HAMPTON ROADS HARLESS, GOTTLIEB CHRISTOPH HAMSTER HARLESS, GOTTLIEB CHRISTOPH ADOLF VON HANAPER HARLINGEN HANAU HARMATTAN HANBURY WILLIAMS, SIR CHARLES HARMODIUS HANCOCK, JOHN HARMONIA HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT HARMONIC HANCOCK HARMONICA HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF HARMONIC ANALYSIS HAND HARMONICHORD HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK HARMONIUM HANDFASTING  

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class="bold">HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708-1777), Swiss anatomist and physiologist, was born of an old Swiss family at Bern, on the 16th of October 1708. Prevented by long-continued ill-health from taking part in boyish sports, he had the more opportunity for the development of his precocious mind. At the age of four, it is said, he used to read and expound the Bible to his father’s servants; before he was ten he had sketched a Chaldee grammar, prepared a Greek and a Hebrew vocabulary, compiled a collection of two thousand biographies of famous men and women on the model of the great works of Bayle and Moreri, and written in Latin verse a satire on his tutor, who had warned him against a too great excursiveness. When still hardly fifteen he was already the author of numerous metrical translations from Ovid, Horace and Virgil, as well as of original lyrics, dramas, and an epic of four thousand lines on the origin of the Swiss confederations, writings which he is said on one occasion to have rescued from a fire at the risk of his life, only, however, to burn them a little later (1729) with his own hand. Haller’s attention had been directed to the profession of medicine while he was residing in the house of a physician at Biel after his father’s death in 1721; and, following the choice then made, he while still a sickly and excessively shy youth went in his sixteenth year to the university of Tübingen (December 1723), where he studied under Camerarius and Duvernoy. Dissatisfied with his progress, he in 1725 exchanged Tübingen for Leiden, where Boerhaave was in the zenith of his fame, and where Albinus had already begun to lecture in anatomy. At that university he graduated in May 1727, undertaking successfully in his thesis to prove that the so-called salivary duct, claimed as a recent discovery by Coschwitz, was nothing more than a blood-vessel. Haller then visited London, making the acquaintance of Sir Hans Sloane, Cheselden, Pringle, Douglas and other scientific men; next, after a short stay in Oxford, he visited Paris, where he studied under Ledran and Winslöw; and in 1728 he proceeded to Basel, where he devoted himself to the study of the higher mathematics under John Bernoulli. It was during his stay there also that his first great interest in botany was awakened; and, in the course of a tour (July-August, 1828), through Savoy, Baden and several of the Swiss cantons, he began a collection of plants which was afterwards the basis of his great work on the flora of Switzerland. From a literary point of view the main result of this, the first of his many journeys through the Alps, was his poem entitled Die Alpen, which was finished in March 1729, and appeared in the first edition (1732) of his Gedichte. This poem of 490 hexameters is historically important as one of the earliest signs of the awakening appreciation of the mountains (hitherto generally regarded as horrible monstrosities), though it is chiefly designed to contrast the simple and idyllic life of the inhabitants of the Alps with the corrupt and decadent existence of the dwellers in the plains.

In 1729 he returned to Bern and began to practise as a physician; his best energies, however, were devoted to the botanical and anatomical researches which rapidly gave him a European reputation, and procured for him from George II. in 1736 a call to the chair of medicine, anatomy, botany and surgery in the newly founded university of Göttingen. He became F.R.S. in 1743, and was ennobled in 1749. The quantity of work achieved by Haller in the seventeen years during which he occupied his Göttingen professorship was immense. Apart from the ordinary work of his classes, which entailed upon him the task of newly organizing a botanical garden, an anatomical theatre and museum, an obstetrical school, and similar institutions, he carried on without interruption those original investigations in botany and physiology, the results of which are preserved in the numerous works associated with his name; he continued also to persevere in his youthful habit of poetical composition, while at the same time he conducted a monthly journal (the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen), to which he is said to have contributed twelve thousand articles relating to almost every branch of human knowledge. He also warmly interested himself in most of the religious questions, both ephemeral and permanent, of his day; and the erection of the Reformed church in Göttingen was mainly due to his unwearied energy. Notwithstanding all this variety of absorbing interests he never felt at home in Göttingen; his untravelled heart kept ever turning towards his native Bern (where he had been elected a member of the great council in 1745), and in 1753 he resolved to resign his chair and return to Switzerland.

The twenty-one years of his life which followed were largely occupied in the discharge of his duties in the minor political post of a Rathhausammann which he had obtained by lot, and in the preparation of his Bibliotheca medica, the botanical, surgical and anatomical parts of which he lived to complete; but he also found time to write the three philosophical romances—Usong (1771), Alfred (1773) and Fabius and Cato (1774),—in which his views as to the respective merits of despotism, of limited monarchy and of aristocratic republican government are fully set forth. About 1773 the state of his health rendered necessary his entire withdrawal from public business; for some time he supported his failing strength by means of opium, on the use of which he communicated a paper to the Proceedings of the Göttingen Royal Society in 1776; the excessive use of the drug is believed, however, to have hastened his death, which occurred on the 17th of December 1777. Haller, who had been three times married, left eight children, the eldest of whom, Gottlieb Emanuel, attained to some distinction as a botanist and as a writer on Swiss historical bibliography (1785-1788, 7 vols.).

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HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492-1536), Swiss reformer, was born at

Aldingen in Württemberg, and after studying at Pforzheim, where he met Melanchthon, and at Cologne, taught in the gymnasium at Bern. He was appointed assistant preacher at the church of St Vincent in 1515 and people’s priest in 1520. Even before his acquaintance with Zwingli in 1521 he had begun to preach the Reformation, his sympathetic character and his eloquence making him a great force. In 1526 he was at the abortive conference of Baden, and in January 1528 drafted and defended the ten theses for the conference of Bern which established the new religion in that city. He left no writings except a few letters which are preserved in Zwingli’s works. He died on the 25th of February 1536.