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International Law
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International Law

by Wilson George Grafton

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INTERNATIONAL LAW

BY

GEORGE GRAFTON WILSON, Ph.D.
PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITY

AND

GEORGE FOX TUCKER, Ph.D.
LATELY REPORTER OF DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL
COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS

SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO

Copyright, 1901,
By SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY.

PREFACE

The authors have aimed to prepare a brief introduction to the subject of International Law. They have freely used the substantive material as found in cases, codes, etc., which involve the principles of International Law. Owing to the increasing importance of international negotiation, relatively more attention than usual has been given to matters connected with diplomacy. The appendices contain material which the authors have found advantageous to have easily accessible to each student. The study of this book should in all cases be supplemented by reference to a considerable number of the books mentioned in the bibliography.

G. G. W.
G. F. T.

September, 1901.

CONTENTS

  PAGE Bibliography xix Abbreviation of Cases Cited xxi Table of Cases Cited xxiii PART I
GENERAL AND HISTORICAL

CHAPTER I

Definition and General Scope 3
  • 1. Definition.
    • (a) Philosophical: what ought to be.
    • (b) Scientific: what is.
  • 2. Divisions.
    • (a) Public.
    • (b) Private.
  • 3. Scope.
CHAPTER II Nature 6
  • 4. Early Terminology.
    • (a) Jus naturale.
    • (b) Jus gentium.
    • (c) Other terms.
  • 5. Historical Bases.
  • 6. Ethical Bases.
  • 7. Jural Bases.
    • (a) Roman law.
    • (b) Canon law.
    • (c) Common law.
    • (d) Equity.
    • (e) Admiralty law.
  • 8. International Law and Statute Law.
  • 9. How far is International Law entitled to be called Law?
CHAPTER III Historical Development 12
  • 10. Early Period.
    • (a) Greece.
    • (b) Rome.
  • 11. Middle Period.
    • (a) Roman Empire.
    • (b) The Church.
    • (c) Feudalism.
    • (d) Crusades.
    • (e) Chivalry.
    • (f) Commerce and Sea Laws.
    • (g) Consulates.
    • (h) Discovery of America.
    • (i) Conclusion.
  • 12. Modern Period from 1648.
    • (a) 1648-1713.
    • (b) 1713-1815.
    • (c) 1815-    .
  • 13. Writers.
CHAPTER IV Sources 29
  • 14. Practice and Usage.
  • 15. Precedent and Decisions.
    • (a) Prize and Admiralty Courts.
    • (b) Domestic Courts.
    • (c) Courts of Arbitration.
  • 16. Treaties and State Papers.
Page 2
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  • 18. Diplomatic Papers.
    • PART II
    PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

    CHAPTER V

    States 39
    • 19. Definition.
      • (a) Political.
      • (b) Sovereign.
    • 20. Nature.
      • (a) Moral.
      • (b) Physical.
      • (c) Communal.
      • (d) External conditions.
    • 21. Recognition of New States.
      • (a) De facto existence.
      • (b) Circumstances of recognition.
        • (1) By division.
        • (2) By union.
        • (3) By admission of old states.
        • (4) By admission of former barbarous communities.
        • (5) Individual and collective recognition.
      • (c) Act of recognition.
      • (d) Premature recognition.
      • (e) Conditions.
      • (f) Recognition irrevocable.
      • (g) Consequences.
        • (1) The Recognizing state.
        • (2) The Recognized state.
        • (3) The Parent state.
        • (4) Other States.
    CHAPTER VI Legal Persons having Qualified Status 50
    • 22. Members of Confederations and Other Unions.
    • 23. Neutralized States.
    • 24. Protectorates, Suzerainties.
    • 25. Corporations.
      • (a) Private.
      • (b) Exercising political powers.
    • 26. Individuals.
    • 27. Insurgents.
      • (a) Definition.
      • (b) Effect of admission of insurgency.
    • 28. Belligerents.
      • (a) Definition.
      • (b) Conditions prior to recognition.
      • (c) Grounds of recognition.
      • (d) Who may recognize.
      • (e) Consequences.
        • (1) Recognition by a foreign state.
        • (2) Recognition by the parent state.
    • 29. Communities not fully Civilized.
    PART III
    INTERNATIONAL LAW OF PEACE

    CHAPTER VII

    General Rights and Obligations of States 67
    • 30. Existence.
    • 31. Independence.
    • 32. Equality.
    • 33. Jurisdiction.
    • 34. Property.
    • 35. Intercourse.
    CHAPTER VIII Existence 71
    • 36. Application of the Right in General.
    • 37. Extension of the Right to Subjects of the State.
    CHAPTER IX Independence 74
    • 38. Manner of Exercise.
    • 39. Balance of Power.
    • 40. Monroe Doctrine.
    • 41. Non-intervention.
    • 42. Practice in
    Page 3
    Regard to Intervention.
    • (a) For self-preservation.
    • (b) To prevent illegal acts.
    • (c) By general sanction.
    • (d) Other grounds.
      • (1) Treaty stipulations.
      • (2) Balance of power.
      • (3) Humanity.
      • (4) Civil war.
      • (5) Financial.
    • (e) Conclusion.
    CHAPTER X Equality 88
    • 43. Equality in General.
    • 44. Inequalities among States.
      • (a) Court precedence.
      • (b) Matters of ceremonial.
      • (c) Weight of influence in affairs.
    CHAPTER XI Jurisdiction 94
    • 45. Jurisdiction in General.
    • 46. Territorial Domain and Jurisdiction.
    • 47. Method of Acquisition.
      • (a) Discovery.
      • (b) Occupation.
      • (c) Conquest.
      • (d) Cession.
        • (1) Transfer by gift.
        • (2) Transfer by exchange.
        • (3) Transfer by sale.
        • (4) Cession of jurisdiction.
      • (e) Prescription.
      • (f) Accretion.
    • 48. Qualified Jurisdiction.
      • (a) Protectorates.
      • (b) Sphere of influence.
    • 49. Maritime and Fluvial Jurisdiction.
    • 50. Rivers.
      • (a) Which traverse only one state.
      • (b) Flowing through two or more states.
      • (c) Under jurisdiction of two states.
    • 51. The Navigation of Rivers.
    • 52. Enclosed Waters.
      • (a) Wholly enclosed.
      • (b) Gulfs, bays, estuaries.
      • (c) Straits: Danish Sounds, Dardanelles.
      • (d) Canals: Suez, Panama, Nicaraguan, Corinth, Kiel.
    • 53. The Three-mile Limit.
    • 54. Fisheries.
      • (a) Deep sea.
      • (b) Canadian.
      • (c) Bering Sea.
    • 55. Vessels.
      • (a) Classes.
        • (1) Public.
        • (2) Private.
      • (b) Nationality.
      • (c) Jurisdiction.
        • (1) Public.
        • (2) Private.
        • (3) Semi-public.
    • 56. Personal, General—Nationality.
    • 57. Natural-born Subjects.
    • 58. Foreign-born Subjects.
    • 59. Acquired Nationality.
      • (a) By marriage.
      • (b) By naturalization.
      • (c) By annexation of territory.
      • (d) Effect of naturalization.
      • (e) Incomplete naturalization.
    • 60. Jurisdiction over Aliens.
      • (a) Over subjects abroad.
        • (1) Emigration laws.
        • (2) Recall of citizens.
        • (3) Penal jurisdiction.
        • (4) Protection of subjects.
      • (b) Over aliens within territory.
        • (1) Exclusion.
        • (2) Expulsion.
        • (3) Conditional admission.
        • (4) Settlement.
        • (5) Taxes.
        • (6) Sanitary and police jurisdiction.
        • (7) Penal jurisdiction.
        • (8) Maintenance of public order.
        • (9) Military service.
        • (10) Freedom of commerce.
        • (11) Holding property.
        • (12) Freedom of speech and worship.
      • (c) Passports.
    • 61. Exemptions from Jurisdiction—General.
    • 62. Sovereigns.
    • 63. State Officers.
      • (a) Diplomatic agents.
      • (b) Consuls.
      • (c) Army.
      • (d) Navy.
    • 64. Special Exemptions.
      • (a) In Oriental countries.
        • (1) Penal matters.
        • (2) Civil matters.
      • (b) In Egypt.
    • 65. Extradition.
      • (a) Persons liable.
      • (b) Limitations.
      • (c) Conditions.
      • (d) Procedure.
    • 66. Servitudes.
      • (a) International.
      • (b) General.
    Page 4
    href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@41759@[email protected]#CHAPTER_XII" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">CHAPTER XII Property 148
    • 67. Property in General.
    • 68. State Property in International Law.
    CHAPTER XIII Diplomacy and International Relations in Times of Peace 150
    • 69. General Development.
    • 70. Diplomatic Agents.
      • (a) Historical.
      • (b) Rank.
        • (1) Diplomatic agents of first class.
        • (2) Envoys extraordinary.
        • (3) Ministers resident.
        • (4) Chargés d'affaires.
    • 71. Suite.
      • (a) Official.
      • (b) Non-official.
    • 72. Who may send Diplomatic Agents.
    • 73. Who may be sent.
    • 74. Credentials.
    • 75. Ceremonial.
      • (a) General.
      • (b) Reception.
      • (c) Precedence and places of honor.
      • (d) Prerogatives.
    • 76. Functions.
      • (a) Internal business.
      • (b) Conduct of negotiations.
      • (c) Relation to fellow-citizens.
      • (d) Reports to home government.
    • 77. Termination of Mission.
      • (a) Through death of agent.
      • (b) In ordinary manner.
      • (c) Under strained relations.
      • (d) Ceremonial of departure.
    • 78. Immunities and Privileges.
      • (a) Inviolability.
      • (b) Exterritoriality and exemptions.
        • (1) Criminal jurisdiction.
        • (2) Civil jurisdiction.
        • (3) Family and suite.
        • (4) House of ambassador.
        • (5) Asylum.
        • (6) Taxation.
        • (7) Religious worship.
    • 79. Diplomatic Practice of the United States.
    • 80. Consuls.
      • (a) Historical.
      • (b) Grades.
      • (c) Nomination and reception.
      • (d) Functions.
      • (e) Special powers in Eastern states.
      • (f) Privileges and immunities.
      • (g) Termination of consular office.
    CHAPTER XIV Treaties 198
    • 81. Definition.
    • 82. Other Forms of International Agreements.
      • (a) Protocol.
      • (b) Declarations.
      • (c) Memoranda.
      • (d) Letters, notes.
      • (e) Sponsions.
      • (f) Cartels.
    • 83. The Negotiation of Treaties.
      • (a) The agreement.
      • (b) The draft.
      • (c) Signs and seals.
      • (d) Ratification.
    • 84. The Validity of Treaties.
      • (a) International capacity.
      • (b) Due authorization.
      • (c) Freedom of consent.
      • (d) Conformity to law.
    • 85. The Classification of Treaties.
    • 86. The Interpretation of Treaties.
    • 87. The Termination of Treaties.
    CHAPTER XV Amicable Settlement of Disputes and Non-hostile Redress 217
    • 88. The Amicable Settlement of Disputes.
      • (a) Diplomatic negotiation.
      • (b) Good offices.
      • (c) Conferences and congresses.
      • (d) Arbitration.
    • 89. Non-hostile Redress.
    • 90. Retorsion.
    • 91. Reprisals.
    • 92. Embargo.
    Page 5
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    INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR

    CHAPTER XVI

    War 229
    • 94. Definition.
    • 95. Commencement.
    • 96. Declaration.
    • 97. Object.
    • 98. General Effects.
    CHAPTER XVII Status of Persons in War 235
    • 99. Persons affected by War.
    • 100. Combatants.
    • 101. Non-combatants.
    CHAPTER XVIII Status of Property on Land 239
    • 102. Public Property of the Enemy.
    • 103. Real Property of Enemy Subjects.
    • 104. Personal Property of Enemy Subjects.
    CHAPTER XIX Status of Property at Sea 245
    • 105. Vessels.
      • (a) Public vessels.
      • (b) Private vessels.
    • 106. Goods.
    • 107. Submarine Telegraphic Cables.
    CHAPTER XX Conduct of Hostilities 250
    • 108. Belligerent Occupation.
    • 109. Forbidden Methods.
    • 110. Privateers.
    • 111. Volunteer and Auxiliary Navy.
    • 112. Capture and Ransom.
    • 113. Postliminium.
    • 114. Prisoners and their Treatment.
      • (a) Quarter and retaliation.
      • (b) Employment.
      • (c) Exchange.
      • (d) Parole.
      • (e) Sick and wounded.
    • 115. Non-hostile Relations of Belligerents.
      • (a) Flag of truce.
      • (b) Cartels.
      • (c) Passports, safe-conducts, safeguards.
      • (d) License to trade.
      • (e) Suspension of hostilities, truce, armistice.
      • (f) Capitulation.
    CHAPTER XXI Termination of War 270
    • 116. Methods of Termination.
    • 117. By Conquest.
    • 118. By Cessation of Hostilities.
    • 119. By a Treaty of Peace.
    PART V
    INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NEUTRALITY

    CHAPTER XXII

    Page 6
    Definition and History 277
    • 120. Definition.
    • 121. Forms of Neutrality and of Neutralization.
    • 122. History.
    • 123. Declaration.
    • 124. Divisions.
    CHAPTER XXIII Relations of Neutral States and Belligerent States 285
    • 125. General Principles of the Relations between States.
    • 126. Neutral Territorial Jurisdiction.
    • 127. Regulation of Neutral Relations.
      • (a) To belligerent troops.
      • (b) Asylum for vessels.
      • (c) Ordinary entry.
      • (d) Sojourn of vessels.
    • 128. No Direct Assistance by Neutral.
      • (a) Military.
      • (b) Supplies.
      • (c) Loans.
      • (d) Enlistment.
    • 129. Positive Obligations of a Neutral State.
    CHAPTER XXIV Neutral Relations between States and Individuals 298
    • 130. Ordinary Commerce.
      • (a) Destination.
      • (b) Ownership of goods.
      • (c) Nationality of vessel.
      • (d) Declaration of Paris.
    • 131. Contraband.
    • 132. Penalty for Carrying Contraband.
    • 133. Unneutral Service.
    • 134. Visit and Search.
      • (a) Right.
      • (b) Object.
      • (c) Method.
      • (d) Ship's papers.
      • (e) Grounds of seizure.
      • (f) Seizure.
    • 135. Convoy.
    • 136. Blockade.
      • (a) Historical.
      • (b) Conditions of existence.
      • (c) A war measure.
      • (d) Who can declare.
      • (e) Notification.
      • (f) Must be effective.
      • (g) Cessation.
    • 137. Violation of Blockade.
    • 138. Continuous Voyages.
    • 139. Prize and Prize Courts.
    Appendices 331 Index 447

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    This list contains the titles of books most frequently cited in the following pages:—

    • Bluntschli, J. C. Le droit international. (Lardy), 1886.
    • Bonfils. Droit International Public. (Fauchille), 1898.
    • Calvo, Ch. Droit International. 5e éd. 6 vols. 1896.
    • Cobbett, Pitt. Leading Cases and Opinions on International Law. 2d ed, 1892.
    • Dahlgren, J. A. Maritime International Law. 1877.
    • Davis, G. B. The Elements of International Law. 1901.
    • Despagnet. Droit International Public. 2d ed. 1899.
    • Field, D. D. Outline of an International Code. 1876.
    • Glass, H. Marine International Law. 1884.
    • Glenn, E. F. Hand Book of International Law. 1895.
    • Grotius, H. De Jure Belli ac Pacis. 3 vols. Whewell. 1853.
    • Hall, W. E. International Law. 4th ed. 1895.
    • Halleck, H. W. Elements of International Law. 3d ed. Baker. 1893.
    • Heffter, A. G. Droit International. 4th ed. Geffeken. 1883.
    • Hertslet, E. Map of Europe by Treaty, 1815-1891. 4 vols. 1875-1891.
    • Holls, F. W. The Peace Conference at the Hague. 1900.
    • Hosack, J. Rise and Growth of the Law of Nations. 1882.
    • Kent, J. Commentaries on American Law. 14th ed.
    • Lawrence, T. J. Principles of International Law. 2d ed. 1901.
    • Lehr, E. Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques et Consulaires. 1888.
    • Maine, H. International Law. 1888.
    Page 7
    class="smcap">Moore, J. B. Extradition and Interstate Rendition. 2 vols. 1891.
  • —— International Arbitrations. 6 vols. 1898.
  • Ortolan, T. Diplomatie de la Mer. 4th ed. 2 vols. 1864.
  • Perels, F. Manuel de Droit Maritime International par Arendt. 1884.
  • Phillimore, R. International Law. 3d ed.
  • Pomeroy, J. N. International Law in Times of Peace. 1886.
  • Pradier-Fodéré, P. Trait de Droit International Public Européen et Americain. 7 vols. 1885-1897.
  • Rivier, A. Principes du Droit des Gens. 2 vols. 1896.
  • Snow, F. Cases and Opinions on International Law. 1893.
  • —— American Diplomacy. 1894.
  • —— International Law. Naval War College. Prepared by Stockton. 2d ed. 1898.
  • Takahashi, S. Cases on International Law, Chino-Japanese. 1896.
  • Treaties and Conventions between the United States and Other Powers, 1776-1887. 1887.
  • Treaties in Force, Compilation of United States. 1899.
  • Vattel, E. Law of Nations. Trans. Ingraham. 1876.
  • Walker, T. A. Science of International Law. 1893.
  • —— Manual of Public International Law. 1895.
  • —— History of the Law of Nations, vol. 1. 1899.
  • Westlake, J. Chapters on Principles of International Law. 1894.
  • Wharton, F. Digest of International Law. 3 vols. 2d ed. 1887.
  • Wheaton, H. Elements of International Law. 1836.
  • —— Edited by Lawrence, W. B. 1863.
  • —— Edited by Dana, R. H. 1865.
  • —— Edited by Boyd, A. C. 2d ed.
  • Woolsey, T. D. International Law. 6th ed. 1891.

    • ABBREVIATIONS OF CITATIONS

    The following are the important abbreviations of citations:—

    Ann. Cycl. Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia. Br. & For. St. Pap. British and Foreign State Papers. C. Rob. Chr. Robinson's English Admiralty Reports. Brussels Code Conference at Brussels, 1874, on Military Warfare. Cr. Cranch's United States Reports. Fed. Rep. Federal Reporter. Gould & Tucker Gould and Tucker's Notes on the United States Statutes. Hall Hall's International Law (4th ed.). Hertslet Hertslet Map of Europe by Treaty. How. Howard United States Reports. Instr. U. S. Armies. Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field. Kent's Com. Kent's Commentaries (14th ed.). Lawrence Lawrence's Principles of International Law. Oxford Manual Manual of the Laws of War on Land, Oxford, 1880. Pet. Peters's United States Reports. Schuyler Schuyler's American Diplomacy. Takahashi Takahashi's Cases during the Chino-Japanese War. Treaties of U. S. Treaties and Conventions of the United States, 1776-1887. U. S. For. Rel. United States Foreign Relations. U. S. Naval War Code United States Naval War Code. U. S. United States Reports. U. S. Rev. Sts. United States Revised Statutes. U. S. Sts. at Large United States Statutes at Large. Wall. Wallace, United States Reports. Whart. Wharton's International Law Digest. Wheaton D. Wheaton's International Law (Dana's edition). Wheat. Wheaton's United States Reports.

    TABLE OF CASES CITED

    • Alabama, The, 297, 435.
    • Alcinous v. Nigreu, 238, 432.
    • Alexandra, The, 436.
    • Anna, The, 102.
    • Anne, The, 287.
    • Atalanta, The, 308, 443.
    • Bermuda, The, 322, 444.
    • Bolton v. Gladstone, 31, 430.
    • Brown v. United States, 241, 432.
    • Caroline, The, 71, 289, 434.
    • Chesapeake, The, 145.
    • Commercen, The,
    Page 8
    tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">305, 441.
  • Constitution, The, 138.
  • Exchange v. M'Faddon, 138.
  • Florida, The, 436.
  • Foster v. Neilson, 46.
  • Friendship, The, 442.
  • Gen. Armstrong, Case of the, 287.
  • Georgia, The, 436.
  • Grotius, The, 258, 433.
  • Harcourt v. Gaillard, 42, 430.
  • Huascar, The, 57.
  • In the Matter of Metzger, 142, 431.
  • Jones v. United States, 46, 431.
  • Jonge Tobias, The, 306, 441.
  • Juffrow Maria Schroeder, 320, 443.
  • Koszta, The Case of, 128, 129.
  • Kow-Shing, 310, 442.
  • La Manche, The, 327, 444.
  • Magnus, The, 441.
  • Maria, The, 310, 321, 444.
  • Marianna Flora, The, 310.
  • M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 42.
  • Montezuma, The, 57.
  • Nassau, The, 326.
  • Orozembo, The, 309, 442.
  • Pampero, The, 436.
  • People v. McLeod, 434.
  • Peterhoff, The, 303, 440.
  • Prize Cases, 231, 323.
  • Regina v. Keyn, 112.
  • Rothschild v. Queen of Portugal, 136.
  • Santa Cruz, The, 30,
    • Page 9
    class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">433.
  • Santissima Trinidad, The, 69.
  • Sea Lion, The, 267, 433.
  • Shenandoah, The, 436.
  • Sir William Peel, The, 327.
  • Sophie, The, 273, 434.
  • Springbok, The, 327.
  • Staadt Embden, The, 306.
  • State of Mississippi v. Johnson, 46, 431.
  • Stephen Hart, The, 322, 443.
  • Swineherd, Case of the, 273.
  • Twee Gebroeders, The, 288, 435.
  • Two Friends, The, 261, 433.
  • United States v. Ambrose Light, 57.
  • United States v. Baker, 254, 432.
  • United States v. Rauscher, 31, 430.
  • Vavasseur v. Krupp, 135.
  • Venus, The, 266, 433.
  • Virginius, The, 71.
  • Wildenhus's Case, 120, 431.
  • Williams v. Suffolk Insurance Company, 46, 431.
  • William, The, 321.