MENTAL PHILOSOPHY:

INCLUDING THE

INTELLECT, SENSIBILITIES, AND WILL.

BY

JOSEPH HAVEN, D. D., L. L. D.,

LATE PROF. OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,
CHICAGO, ILL., AND LATE PROF. OF INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
PHILOSOPHY IN AMHERST COLLEGE.

IMPROVED EDITION.

NEW YORK:
SHELDON AND COMPANY,
8 Murray Street.
1881

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by
GOULD AND LINCOLN,
In the Clerk's office of the District Court Of the District of Massachusetts.

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PREFACE.

If any apology were necessary for adding yet another to the numerous works on Mental Philosophy which have recently appeared, the circumstances that led to the preparation of the present volume may, perhaps, constitute that apology.

When called, several years since, to the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy, in this Institution, the text-books, then in use, seemed to me not well adapted to the wants of College students. Nor was it easy to make a change for the better. Of the works in this department, then generally in use in our Colleges, some presumed on a more extensive acquaintance with the science than most young men at this stage of education are likely to possess; others, again, erring on the opposite extreme, were deficient in thorough and scientific treatment; while most, if not all, were, at the best, incomplete, presenting but a partial survey of the entire field. In none of them was the science of mind presented in its completeness and symmetry, in a manner at once simple, yet scientific; in none of them, moreover, was it brought down to the present time. Something more complete, more simple, more thorough, seemed desirable.

Every year of subsequent experience as a teacher has but confirmed this impression, and made the want of a book better adapted to the purposes of instruction, in our American Colleges, more deeply felt. The works on mental science, which have recently appeared in this country, while they are certainly a valuable contribution to the department of philosophy, seem to meet this deficiency in part, but only in part. They traverse usually but a portion of the ground which Psychology legitimately occupies, confining their attention, for the most part, to the Intellectual Faculties, to the exclusion of the Sensibilities, and the Will.

Feeling deeply the want which has been spoken of, it seemed to me, early in my course, that something might be done toward remedying the deficiency, by preparing with care, and delivering to the classes, lectures upon the topics presented in the books, as they passed along. This course was adopted—a method devolving much labor upon the instructor, but rewarding him by the increased interest and more rapid progress of the pupils. Little by little the present work thus grew up, as the result of my studies, in connection with my classes, and of my experience in the daily routine of the recitation and lecture room. Gradually the lectures, thus prepared, came to take the place more and more of a textbook, until there seemed to be no longer any reason why they should not be put into the hands of the student as such.

It is much easier to decide what a work on mental science ought to be, than to produce such a work. It should be comprehensive and complete, treating of all that properly pertains to Psychology, giving to every part its due proportion and development. It should treat the various topics presented, in a thorough and scientific manner. It should be conversant with the literature of the department, placing the student in possession, not only of the true doctrines, but, to some extent also, of the history of those doctrines, showing him what has been held and taught by others upon the points in question. In style it should be clear, perspicuous, concise, yet not so barren of ornament as to be destitute of interest to the reader.

At these qualities the writer has aimed in the present treatise; with what success, others must determine.

All science, in proportion as it is complete and true, becomes simple. In proportion as this result is attained, the labor bestowed upon it disappears from view, and the writer seems, perhaps, to others, to have said but a very plain and common thing. This is peculiarly the case with mental science. The difficulty of discussing with clearness and simplicity, and, at the same time, in a complete and thorough manner, the difficult problems of Psychology, will be understood only by those who make the attempt.

J. H.

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CONTENTS.

class="c2"> III. —Historical Sketch—Various Divisions of the Mental Faculties. 35   DIVISION FIRST. THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. PRELIMINARY TOPICS. CHAPTER I. CONSCIOUSNESS. 39 CHAPTER II. ATTENTION. 46 CHAPTER III. CONCEPTION. 53   PART FIRST. THE PRESENTATIVE POWER. SENSE, OR PERCEPTION BY THE SENSES. 58 Section.  I. —General Observations. 59 Section.  II. —Analysis of the Perceptive Process. 61 Section.  III. —Analysis and Classification of the Qualities of Bodies. 65 Section.  IV. —Organs of Sense—Analysis of their Several Functions. 68 Section.  V. —Amount of Information derived from the Respective Senses. 72 Section.  VI. —Credibility of our Sensations and Perceptions. 81 Section.  VII. —Historical Sketch. 84     I. Of different Divisions of the Qualities of Bodies. 84     II. Of different Theories of Perception. 87   PART SECOND. THE REPRESENTATIVE POWER. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 94 CHAPTER I. MEMORY. 96 Section.  I. —Mental Reproduction. 96     I. Nature. 96     II. Laws. 101 Section.  II. —Mental Recognition, as distinguished from Mental Reproduction. 113     I. General Character. 113     II. What is implied in an Act of Memory. 118     III. Qualities of Memory. 118     IV. Memory as related to Intellectual Strength. 121     V. Cultivation of Memory.

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">125     VI. Effects of Disease on Memory. 128     VII. Influence of Memory on the Happiness of Life. 131     VIII. Historical Sketch—Different Theories of Memory. 133 CHAPTER II. IMAGINATION. 137 Section.  I. —General Character of this Faculty. 137 Section.  II. —Relation to other Faculties. 138 Section.  III. —Active and Passive Imagination. 140 Section.  IV. —Imagination a simple Faculty. 142 Section.  V. —Not merely the Power of Combination. 144 Section.  VI. —Limited to Sensible Objects. 147 Section.  VII. —Limited to new Results. 148 Section.  VIII. —A Voluntary Power. 149 Section.  IX. —Use and Abuse of Imagination. 152 Section.  X. —Culture of Imagination. 154 Section.  XI. —Historic Sketch—Various Definitions and Theories of Imagination by different Writers. 158   PART THIRD. THE REFLECTIVE POWER. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 162 CHAPTER I. THE SYNTHETIC PROCESS.—GENERALIZATION. 165 Section.  I. —Nature of the Synthetic Process. 165 Section.  II. —Province and Relation of several Terms employed to denote, in Part, or as a Whole, this Power of the Mind. 172 Section.  III. —Historical Sketch—The Realist and Nominalist Controversy. 177 CHAPTER II. THE ANALYTIC PROCESS—REASONING. 180 Section.  I. —The Nature of the Process. 181 Section.  II. —Relation of Judgment and Reasoning. 187 Section.  III. —Different Kinds of Reasoning. 188  

class="c2">  I. Demonstrative. 189     II. Probable—(1.) From Testimony; (2.) From Experience; (3.) From Analogy. 192 Section.  IV.  Use of Hypotheses and Theories in Reasoning. 199 Section.  V. —Different Forms of Reasoning. 203     I. Analysis of the Proposition. 203     II. Analysis of the Syllogism. 205     III. Laws of Syllogism. 207     IV. Different Kinds of Syllogism. 209     V. Different Forms of Syllogism. 210     VI. Laws of Thought on which the Syllogism depends. 212     VII. Use and Value of the Syllogism. 213     VIII. Historical Sketch of the Science of Logic. 219   PART FOURTH. INTUITIVE POWER. CHAPTER I. EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF THIS FACULTY. 228 CHAPTER II. TRUTHS AND CONCEPTIONS FURNISHED BY THIS FACULTY. 238 Section.  I. —Primary Truths. 238 Section.  II. —Intuitive Conceptions. 241     I. Space. 241     II. Time. 244     III. Identity. 249     IV. Cause. 257     V. Idea of the Beautiful and the Right. 262 CHAPTER III. THE CONCEPTION AND COGNIZANCE OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 263 Section.  I. —Conception of the Beautiful. 263 Section.  II. —Cognizance of the Beautiful. 286 CHAPTER IV. IDEA AND COGNIZANCE OF THE RIGHT. 303 Section.  I. —Idea of Right—Whence comes the Idea.

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">303 Section.  II. —Cognizance of the Right—1. Nature of Conscience; 2. Authority of Conscience. 314 SUPPLEMENTARY TOPICS. CHAPTER I. INTELLIGENCE IN MAN AS DISTINGUISHED FROM INTELLIGENCE IN THE BRUTE. 329 CHAPTER II. MIND AS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN STATES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 342 Section.  I. —Sleep. 343 Section.  II. —Dreams. 351 Section.  III. —Somnambulism. 360 Section.  IV. —Insanity. 368   DIVISION SECOND. THE SENSIBILITIES. PRELIMINARY TOPICS. CHAPTER I. NATURE, DIFFICULTY, AND IMPORTANCE OF THIS DEPARTMENT OF THE SCIENCE. 377 CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SENSIBILITIES. 382   PART FIRST. SIMPLE EMOTIONS. CHAPTER I. INSTINCTIVE EMOTIONS. 395 Section.  I. —Of that general State of Mind known as Cheerfulness, and its Opposite, Melancholy. 396 Section.  II. —Sorrow at Loss of Friends. 399 Section.  III. —Sympathy with the Happiness and Sorrow of Others. 402 CHAPTER II. RATIONAL EMOTIONS. 409 Section.  I. —Emotions of Joy or Sadness, arising from the Contemplation of our own Excellence, or the Reverse. 409 Section.  II. —Enjoyment of the Ludicrous. 413 Section.  III. —Enjoyment of the New and Wonderful. 424 Section.  IV. —Enjoyment of the Beautiful, and the Sublime. 427 Section.  V. —Satisfaction in View of right Conduct, and Remorse in View of wrong. 434   PART SECOND. THE AFFECTIONS. CHAPTER I. BENEVOLENT AFFECTIONS. 441 Section.  I. —Love of Kindred. 442 Section.  II. —Love of Friends. 447 Section.  III. —Love of

Benefactors. 452 Section.  IV. —Love of Home and Country. 454 CHAPTER II. MALEVOLENT AFFECTIONS. 458 Resentment, with its Modifications, Envy, Jealousy, Revenge. 458-469   PART THIRD. THE DESIRES. CHAPTER I. NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF DESIRES. 473 CHAPTER II. DESIRES ARISING FROM THE PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION. 477 CHAPTER III. DESIRES ARISING FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MIND. 481 Section.  I. —Desire of Happiness. 481 Section.  II. —Desire of Knowledge. 487 Section.  III. —Desire of Power. 490 Section.  IV. —Certain Modifications of the Desire of Power, as Desire of Superiority and Desire of Possession. 493 Section.  V. —Desire of Society. 501 Section.  VI. —Desire of Esteem. 505 CHAPTER IV. HOPE AND FEAR. 510   DIVISION THIRD. THE WILL. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 517 CHAPTER I. NATURE OF THE WILL. 520 Section.  I. —Elements involved in an Act of Will. 521 Section.  II. —Investigation of these Elements. 523     I. Motive. 523     II. Choice. 526     III. Executive Volition. 530 CHAPTER II. RELATION OF THE WILL TO OTHER FACULTIES. 531 CHAPTER III. FREEDOM OF THE WILL. 538 Section.  I. —Presumptions in Favor of Freedom. 539 Section.  II. —Direct Argument. 544 CHAPTER IV. CERTAIN QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE PRECEDING.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45041@[email protected]#Page_549" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">549 Section.  I. —Contrary Choice. 549 Section.  II. —Power to do what we were not disposed to do. 551 Section.  III. —Influence of Motives. 554     I. Is the Will always as the greatest apparent Good. 554     II. Is the Will determined by the strongest Motive. 555     III. Are Motives the Cause and Volitions the Effect. 556 CHAPTER V. THE DOCTRINE OF THE WILL VIEWED IN CONNECTION WITH CERTAIN TRUTHS OF RELIGION. 560 Section.  I. —The Power which God exerts over the Human Mind and Will. 561 Section.  II. —Man's Power over Himself. 566 CHAPTER VI. STRENGTH OF WILL. 569 CHAPTER VII. HISTORICAL SKETCH—OUTLINE OF THE CONTROVERSY RESPECTING FREEDOM OF THE WILL. 573 REFERENCES. 584

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