MUSEUM

OF

ANTIQUITY

A DESCRIPTION OF

ANCIENT LIFE:

THE

EMPLOYMENTS, AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS AND HABITS,
THE CITIES, PALACES, MONUMENTS AND TOMBS,
THE LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS
OF 3,000 YEARS AGO.

BY

L.W. YAGGY, M.S.,
AND
T.L. HAINES, A.M.,

AUTHORS OF THE "ROYAL PATH OF LIFE,"
"OUR HOME COUNSELOR,"
"LITTLE GEMS."

ILLUSTRATED.

MADISON, WIS.:
J.B. FURMAN & CO.
WESTERN PUBLISHING HOUSE, CHICAGO, ILL.

1884.

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880 by
L.W. Yaggy & T.L. Haines,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.

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PREFACE.

Egypt, Greece and Italy were the fountain heads of our civilization and the source of our knowledge; to them we can trace, link by link, the origin of all that is ornamental, graceful and beautiful. It is therefore a matter of greatest interest to get an intimate knowledge of the original state, and former perfection, the grandeur, magnificence and high civilization of these countries, as well as of the homes, the private and domestic life, the schools, churches, rites, ceremonies, &c.

The many recent excavations in Troy, Nineveh, Babylon and the uncovering of the City of Pompeii, with its innumerable treasures, the unfolding of the long-hoarded secrets, have revealed information for volumes of matter. But works that treat on the various subjects of antiquity are, for the most part, not only costly and hard to procure, but also far too voluminous. The object of this work is to condense into the smallest possible compass the essence of information which usually runs through many volumes, and place it into a practical form for the common reader. We hope, however, that this work will give the reader a greater longing to extend his inquiries into these most interesting subjects, so rich in everything that can refine the taste, enlarge the understanding and improve the heart. It has been our object, so far as possible, to avoid every expression of opinion, whether our own or that of any school of thinkers, and to supply first, facts, and secondly, careful references by which the citations of those facts, may be verified, and the inferences from them traced by the reader himself, to their legitimate result.

Before we close, we would tender our greatest obligations to the English and German authors, from whom we have drawn abundantly in preparing this work; also to the Directors of the British Museum of London, and the Society of Antiquarians of Berlin, and especially to the authorities of the excavated City of Pompeii and its treasures in the Museum of Naples, where we were furnished with an intelligent guide and permitted to spend days in our researches. To each and all of these, who have so kindly promoted our labor, our heartfelt thanks are cordially returned.

Many of the engravings are from drawings made on the spot, but a greater number are from photographs, and executed with the greatest fidelity by German and French artists.

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Steel Plate Engravings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Terraces—Tomb and Family Sepulchre—The Villa Destroyed—Conclusive Evidence—Jewels and Ornaments—Pliny's Account of a Roman Garden—Stores and Eating Houses (Page 75-81)—Restaurant—Pompeian Bill of Fare—Circe, Daughter of the Sun—Houses of Pansa and Sallust (Page 82-102)—Curious Religious Painting—General View of House—Worship of the Lares—Domesticated Serpents—Discoveries Confirm Ancient Authors—Ornamentation and Draperies—Remarkable Mansions—House of the Vestals—Surgical and other Instruments—Shop of an Apothecary—House of Holconius (Page 103-112)—Decorations of the Bed-Chambers—Perseus and Andromeda—Epigraphs and Inscriptions—Ariadne Discovered by Bacchus—General Survey of the City (Page 113-118)—Wine Merchant's Sign—Sculptor's Laboratory— House of Emperor Joseph II 17-119 Amusements. The Amphitheatre—Coliseum—84,000 Seats—The Bloody Entertainments—Examining the Wounded—Theatres—Roman Baths (Page 147-156)—Description of the Baths—Cold Baths—Warm Chambers—The Vapor Baths—Hot-Air Baths—Social Games and Sports (Page 157-162)—Domestic Games—Jugglers—Game of Cities—Gymnastic Arts—Social Entertainments (Page 163-180)—Characteristics of the Dance—Grace and Dress of the Dancers—Position at the Table—Vases and Ornaments—Food and Vegetables—Mode of Eating—Reminders of Mortality—Egyptian Music and Entertainments (Page 181-188)—Musical Instruments—Jewish Music—Beer, Palm Wine, Etc—Games and Sports of the Egyptians (Page 189-202)—Games with Dice—Games of Ball—Wrestling—Intellectual Capabilities—Hunting 120-202 Domestic Life. Occupation of Women—Bathing—Wedding Ceremonies—Children's Toys—Writing Materials—Families, Schools and Marriages—Duties of Children—Dress, Toilet and Jewelry (Page 219-232)—The Chiton—Dress Materials—Styles of Wearing Hair—Head-Dress of Women—Hair-Pins—Sunshades—Crimes and Punishments; Contracts, Deeds, Etc. (Page 233-252)—Punishments—Laws Respecting Debt—Contracts—Superstition—Cure of Diseases—Houses, Villas, Farmyards, Orchards, Gardens, Etc. (Page 253-270)—Character of the People—Construction of Houses—Plans of Villas—Irrigation—Gardens—Egyptian Wealth (Page 271-280)—Gold and Silver—Worth of Gold—Treasures—Total Value of Gold 203-280 Domestic Utensils. Writing Materials—Literature—Curious Lamps—The Candelabrum—Candelabra—Oil-Lamps—The Steelyard—Drinking Vessels—Colored Glass—Glass—Glass Vessels—Articles of Jewelry—Toilet-Boxes, Etc.—Furniture (Page 309-322)—Chairs and Stools—Bed-Room Furniture—Tables, Etc.—Pottery—Drawings on Vases—Vases (Page 323-342)—Greek Vases—Inscriptions on Vases—Historical Subjects on Vases—Uses of Vases—Vases Found in Tombs—Silver Vessels—Decorated Vases 281-342 Employment. Colored Glass Vessels—Imitation Jewels—Potters—Carpenter's Tools—Professions—Husbandry—Rise of the Nile—Agricultural Implements—Agriculture—Baking, Dyeing and Painting (Page 363-384)—Flour Mills—Bread-Baking—Dyeing—Scouring and Dyeing—Coloring Substances—Mineral Used for Dyeing—Cost of Dyeing—Cloth Manufacture—Persian Costumes 343-384 Troy. Ruins at Hissarlik—Settlement of Troy—First Settlers—Scæan Gate—Call of Menelaus—Houses at Troy—Objects Found in Houses—Silver Vases—Taking out the Treasure—Shield of the Treasure—Contents of the Treasure—Ear-Rings and Chains—Gold Buttons, Studs,

Etc.—Silver Goblet and Vases—Weapons of Troy—Terra Cotta Mugs—Condition of the Roads—Lack of Inscriptions 385-422 Nineveh and Babylon. Explorations of Niebuhr and Rich—Excavations at Kouyunjik Palace—Sennacherib's Conquests—Highly-Finished Sculptures—North Palace, Kouyunjik—Temple of Solomon—The Oracle—Description of the Palace—Modern Houses of Persia—Chambers in the Palace—The Walls—Grandeur of Babylon—Building Materials—History of Babylon—Karnac and Baalbec (Page 461-473)—Stupendous Remains—Temple of Luxor—Chambers of the Great Pyramid—The Great Temple—The Pantheon at Rome—Egyptian Obelisks—Obelisks 423-484 Religion or Mythology. Mythology—Mythological Characters—The Pythian Apollo—Phœbus Apollo—Niobe and Leto—Daphne—Kyrene—Hermes—The Sorrow of Demeter—The Sleep of Endymion—Phaethon—Briareos—Dionysos—Pentheus—Asklepios—Ixion—Tantalos—The Toils of Herakles—Admetos—Epimetheus and Pandora—Io and Prometheus—Deukalion—Poseidon and Athene—Medusa—Danae—Perseus—Andromeda—Akrisios—Kephalos and Prokris—Skylla—Phrixos and Helle—Medeia—Theseus—Ariadne—Arethusa—Tyro—Narkissos—Orpheus and Eurydike—Kadmos and Europa—Bellerophon—Althaia and the Burning Brand—Iamos 485-642 Fine Arts. Egyptian Sculpture—Etruscan Painting—Renowned Painters—Parrhasius—Colors Used—Sculpture Painting—Fresco Painting—Sculpturing (Page 667-694)—Sculpture in Greece and Egypt—Sculptures of Ancient Kings—Animal Sculpture—Modeling of the Human Figure—"The Sculptor of the Gods"—Grandeur of Style—Statues—Description of Statues—Work of Lysippus—The Macedonian Age—Roman Art—Copies of Ancient Gods—Mosaic (Page 695-702)—Mosaic Subjects—Battle Represented in Mosaics—Grandeur of Style 643-702 Literature. Homer—Paris—Achilles—The Vengeance of Odysseus—Sophocles—Herodotus—The Crocodile—Artabanus Dissuades Xerxes—Socrates—Socrates and Aristodemus—Aristophanes—Plato—The Perfect Beauty—Last Hours of Socrates—Demosthenes—Philip and the Athenians—Measures to Resist Philip—Former Athenians Described—Oration on the Crown—Invective against Catiline—Expulsion of Catiline from Rome—The Tyrant Prætor Denounced—Immortality of the Soul—Julius Cæsar—The Germans—Battle of Pharsalia—Virgil—Employment of the Bee—Punishments in Hell—Horace—To Licinius—Happiness Founded on Wisdom—The Equality of Man—Plutarch—Proscription of Sylla—Demosthenes and Cicero Compared 703-832 Tombs and Catacombs. Extent of the Tombs—An Acre and a quarter in a Tomb—Sculpturings—Painting—Burying According to Rank—Mummies—Mummy Cases and Sarcophagi—Roman Tombs—Inscriptions—The Catacombs (Page 873-910)—Inscriptions—Catacombs—Christian Inscriptions—Early Inscriptions—Catacombs, nearly 900 miles long—Utensils from the Catacombs—Paintings—S. Calixtus—Lord's Supper 833-910 Truth of the Bible. The Assyrian and Babylonian Discoveries—1100 Christian Inscriptions—The use of the Bible for Excavators—Accordance with Ancient Writings—Frieze from the Arch of Titus—No Book produced by Chance—God the Author—Its Great Antiquity—The Pentateuch—Preservation of the Scripture—Its Important Discoveries—Its Peculiar Style—Its Harmony—Its Impartiality—Its Prophecies—Its Important Doctrines—Its Holy Tendency—Its Aims—Its Effects—Its General Reception—Persecuted but not Persecuting 911-944

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ILLUSTRATIONS
BY GERMAN ARTISTS.

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">23 Plan of a Roman House 28 Vestibule of a Pompeian House 30 Triclinium or Dining-room 33 Hercules Drunk. (From Pompeii) 37 Discovered Body at Pompeii 51 Ground Plan of the Suburban Villa of Diomedes 57 Wall Painting at Pompeii 69 Household Utensils 72 Restaurant. (From Wall Painting) 77 Bed and Table at Pompeii. (From Wall Painting) 78 Plan of a Triclinium 79 Head of Circe 81 Kitchen Furniture at Pompeii 84 Brooches of Gold found at Pompeii 98 Scales found at Pompeii 100 Wall Painting found at Pompeii 105 Gold Breastpins found at Pompeii 114 A Laboratory, as found in Pompeii 117 First Walls Discovered in Pompeii 118 View of the Amphitheatre at Pompeii 121 Coliseum of Rome 128 Examining the Wounded 133 Asking Pardon 135 Not Granted 135 Combats with Beasts 137 View of the Tepidarium 151 Ancient Bath Room. (As Discovered) 155 Egyptian Vases 173 Social Enjoyment of Women. (From an Ancient Painting) 205 Gold Pins 220 Shawl or Toga Pin 220 Pearl Set Pins 221 Stone Set Brooches 224 Hair Dress. (From Pompeii)

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@27988@[email protected]#imagep227" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">227 Toilet Articles found at Pompeii 231 Wreath of Oak. (Life Saving) 247 Tabulæ, Calamus, and Papyrus 283 Tabulæ, Stylus, and Papyrus 283 Tabulæ and Ink Stand 284 Libraries and Money 284 Gold Lamp. (Found at Pompeii) 287 Candelabrum, or Lamp Stand 289 Candelabra, or Lamp Stands 290 Standing Lamp 293 Ancient Lamps 293 Scales and Weights 295 Vessels. (From Pompeii) 296 Drinking Vessel 297 Glass Vessels. (From Pompeii) 302 Cups and Metals 304 Gold Jewelry. (From Pompeii) 305 Heavy Gold Pins 306 Brooches Inset with Stone 307 Safety Toga Pins 308 Plundering Corinth 317 Greek Vase 321 Etruscan Vase 324 Roman Vases 325 Vase Representing a Marriage. (Found at Pompeii) 328 Vase Representing Trojan War. (Found at Pompeii) 333 Vase. (Found at Pompeii) 334 Vase Representing Greek Sacrifice 336 Vase 2,000 Years Old 337 Silver Platter 339 Silver Cup. (Found at Hildesheim) 340 Vase of the First Century 341 Dish of the First Century

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">341 Ancient Glass Vessels 346 Glass Brooch 347 Imitation of Real Stone 348 Ancient Egyptian Pottery 350 Mill and Bakery at Pompeii 365 Bread Discovered in Pompeii 371 Metals and Beads 389 Terra-cotta Lamps 394 Bronze Lamps 394 Golden Cups of Priam. (Found at Troy) 396 Wonderful Vases of Terra-cotta from Palace of Priam 399 From Palace of Priam 400 Lids and Metals of Priam 401 Treasures of Priam. (Found at Troy) 404 Part of Machine of Priam 406 Jewelry of Gold and Stones 406 Vessel Found in the Palace of Priam 407 Shield of the Palace of Priam 408 Gold Necklace of Troy 409 Gold Tassels of Troy 409 Lamps found at Troy 409 Studs and Bracelets of Priam 411 Gold Pins with Set Gems 411 Gold Ear-rings of Troy 412 Spears, Lances, Ax and Chain 415 Shears, Knives and Spears 415 Lances Found at Palace of Priam, Troy 416 Coins or Metals 418 Elegant Brooch of Troy 421 Lamp found at Troy 422 Palace of Sennacherib 427 Discovered in the Palace 435 View of a Hall 445 Columns of Karnac

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">463 The Great Pyramids and Sphinx 469 Ruins of Baalbec 473 View of the Pantheon at Rome 475 Pantheon at Rome 477 Half Section of the Pantheon 478 Obelisk of Heliopolis 481 Jupiter. (or Zeus) 491 Apollo. (From an Ancient Sculpture) 495 Pluto and His Wife 503 Ceres. (or Demeter. From Pompeii Wall Painting) 512 Juno. (or Here) 516 Diana. (or Artemis) 520 Vulcan. (or Hephaistos) 526 Minerva. (or Pallas Athene. Found at Pompeii) 530 Ancient Sculpturing on Tantalos 537 Urania. (Muse of Astronomy) 538 Jupiter. (or Zeus with his Thunderbolt) 544 Thalia, the Muse 550 Laocoon, the False Priest 555 Grecian Altar. (3000 years old) 563 Themis. (Goddess of Law) 565 Euterpe. (Muse of Pleasure) 577 Thalia. (Muse of Comedy) 584 Numa Pompilius Visiting the Nymph Egeria 591 Polyhymnia. (Muse of Rhetoric) 603 Sphinx of Egypt 607 Calliope. (Muse of Heroic Verse) 614 The Origin of Man 617 Erate. (Muse of the Lute) 623 Terpsichore. (Muse of Dancing) 625 Ancient Sacrifice. (From Wall Painting of Pompeii) 631 Melpomene. (Muse of Tragedy)

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@27988@[email protected]#imagep639" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">639 Clio. (Muse of History) 642 Ancient Art and Literature 645 Painting. (2600 years old) 655 Dying Gladiator 689 Mosaic Floor 696 Mosaic Doves 697 Apollo Charming Nature 701 Ancient Authors 709 Library of Herculaneum 723 Trojan Heroes 735 Ancient Metal Engraving 745 Socrates Drinking the Poison 762 From Ancient Sculpturing 775 King Philip. (of Macedon) 784 Augustus Cæsar. (Found at Pompeii) 795 Julius Cæsar. (From an Ancient Sculpturing) 805 Virgil and Horace 813 Euclid 824 Alexander Severus 831 Egyptian Tomb 835 Sarcophagus, or Coffin. (With Noah's Ark Cut in Relief on the Outside) 841 Coffin of Alabaster. (Features of the Deceased Sculptured) 843 Discovered Tomb with its Treasures. (At Pompeii) 847 Articles Found in a Tomb 852 Hieroglyphics 857, 858, 859 Egyptian Pillar 862 Egyptian Column 867 Sections of the Catacombs with Chambers 874 Plan of the Catacombs at Rome 875 Stone Coffin 878 Stone Coffin with Open Side 879 Inside View of the Catacombs

class="tdr">881 Lamps Found in the Catacombs 884 Tomb Inscription 896 Painted Ceiling 906 Chamber of a Catacomb 909 Frieze from the Arch of Titus 916 Pentateuch, Written 3200 Years Ago 921 Shishak and His Captives on Sculptured Wall at Karnac 935 Portrait of Rehoboam 936