NORTHERN

NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

REPORT

OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE

Twenty-first Annual Meeting

CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.

SEPTEMBER 17, 18, 19,

1930

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CONTENTS

Officers, Directors and Committees 3 State Vice-Presidents 4 List of Members 5 Constitution 9 By-Laws 11 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Convention 13 Nuts and Nut Growers of the Middle West—S. W. Snyder 14 Address of Professor T. J. Maney 20 Methods in Scoring the Black Walnut—Prof. N. F. Drake 23 Nuts in North Dakota—Prof. A. F. Yeager 27 Report on the 1929 Nut Contest—Dr. W. C. Deming 28 New Members' Experience and Questions 31 Discussion on Chestnut Growing 33 The Paraffin Method in Transplanting Nursery Stock—Prof. J. A. Neilson 37 Some Notes on the Japanese Walnut in North America—Prof. J. A. Neilson 39 Thirty Years Experience in the Care of Scionwood—F. O. Harrington 46 Experiments and Observations in Searching for Best Seedling Nut Trees—J. F. Wilkinson 51 More Nuts—Less Meat—Dr. J. H. Kellogg 57 Induced Immunity to Chestnut Blight—Dr. G. A. Zimmerman 68 Plant Patent Act—Thomas P. Littlepage 73 Banquet 77 President's Address 81 Report of the Secretary 87 Business Session 89 Treasurer's Report 91 Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crop of the North—C. A. Reed 92 Beechnuts—Willard G. Bixby 100 The 1929 Contest—Willard G. Bixby 104 Attendance Record 117

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OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION

President J. A. Neilson, Hort. Dept. M. S. C., East Lansing, Mich. Vice-President C. F. Walker, 2851 E Overlook Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio Secretary W. G. Bixby, 32 Grand AVE., Baldwin, N. Y. Treasurer Karl W. Greene, Ridge Road, N. W., Washington, D. C.

DIRECTORS

J. A. Neilson, C. F. Walker, Dr. W. C. Deming, K. W. Greene, W. G. Bixby, S. W. Snyder

COMMITTEES

Auditing—Z. H. Ellis, L. H. Mitchell Executive—J. A. Neilson, C. F. Walker, A. S. Colby, K. W. Greene, W. G. Bixby, S. W. Snyder Finance—T. P. Littlepage, W. G. Bixby, W. C. Deming Press and Publication—J. Russell Smith, R. T. Olcott, W. C. Deming, K. W. Greene, Z. H. Ellis, A. S. Colby Membership—F. H. Frey, R. T. Olcott, J. W. Hershey, Z. H. Ellis, K. W. Greene, F. O. Harrington Program—W. C. Deming, A. S. Colby, S. W. Snyder, C. A. Reed, C. F. Walker, R. T. Olcott Hybrids and Promising Seedlings—C. A. Reed, W. G. Bixby, Howard Spence, J. A. Neilson, S. W. Snyder, R. T. Morris Nomenclature—C. A. Reed, R. T. Morris, W. G. Bixby, J. A. Neilson Survey—C. F. Walker, W. G. Bixby, F. H. Frey

DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION

Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York and Connecticut

FIELD SECRETARY

Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont

STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS

Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville California Will J. Thorpe 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco Canada J. U. Gellatly West Bank, P. O. Gellatly, B. C. China P. W. Wang Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Sechuan Road, Shanghai Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming 983 Main St., Hartford, Conn. Dist. of Columbia Karl W. Greene Ridge Road, N. W., Washington England Howard Spence The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport Illinois Prof. A. S. Colby University of Illinois, Urbana Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport Iowa S. W. Snyder Center Point Kansas W. P. Orth Route 2, Box 20, Mount Hope Maryland T. P. Littlepage Bowie Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston Michigan Harry Burgardt Union City Michigan Minnesota Carl Weschcke 98 South Wabasha St., St. Paul Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana Nebraska William Caha Wahoo New Jersey Miss M. V. Landman Cranbury, R. F. D. No. 2 New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels Cornell University, Ithaca Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati Oregon Stanley C. Walters Mount Hood Pennsylvania John Rick 438 Penn Square, Reading Rhode Island Phillip Allen 178 Dorrance St., Providence Vermont Zenas H. Ellis Fair Haven Virginia Dr. J. Russell Smith Round Hill Washington Dr. J. E Cannaday Box 693, Charleston

MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

ARKANSAS * Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville   CALIFORNIA Crafts, Dr. J. G., Martinez Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco University of California, Berkeley   CANADA Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ontario Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C. Ryerse, Arthur C., Simcoe, Ont. Watson, Dr. W. V., 170 St. George St., Toronto   CHINA * Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Szechuan Road, Shanghai   CONNECTICUT Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford Hilliard, H. J., Sound View * Montgomery, Robt. H., Cos Cob * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Route 28, Box No. 95, Cos Cob Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, Stonington

  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Foster, B. G., 805 G St., N. W., Washington Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W., Washington * Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington Mitchell, Lennard H., 2219 California St. N. W., Washington Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington Stiebling, Mrs. Anna E., 1458 Monroe St. N. W., Washington Taylor, D. W., The Highlands, Washington Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards, Washington   ENGLAND Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport   ILLINOIS Anthony, A. B., Sterling Armstrong, Mrs. Julian, Witchwood Lane and Moffet Rd., Lake Forest Bontz, Mrs. George I., Route 2, Peoria Brown, Roy W., Spring Valley Colby, Arthur S., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana Frey, Frank H., Room 930 Lasalle St., Station, Chicago Gibbens, Geo. W., Route 2, Godfrey Knox, Loy J., First Nat'l Bank, Morrison Morton, Joy, Lisle Meyer, Dr. R. C. J., Hillsdale Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey, Ill. Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur University of Illinois, Urbana   INDIANA Betz, Frank S., (Personal) Betz Bldg., Hammond Isakson, Walter R., Route 1, Hobart Tichenor, P. E., 414 Merchants Bank Bldg., Evansville Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport   IOWA Adams, Gerald W., Route 4, Moorehead Boyce, Daniel, Route 4, Winterset Harrington, F. O., Williamsburg Iowa State Horticultural Society, Des Moines Luckenbill, Ben W., Wapello Snyder, D. C., Center Point Snyder, S. W., Center Point Schlagenbusch Bros., Route 3, Fort Madison Van Meter, W. L., Adel Williams, Hugh E., Ladora   KANSAS Orth, W. P., Route 2, Mount Hope   MARYLAND Close, C. P., College Park Lancaster, S. S., Jr., Rock Point Mehring, Upton F., Keymar Porter, John H., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown Purnell, J. Edgar, Salisbury   MASSACHUSETTS Allen, Edward E., Perkins Institute for the Blind, Watertown * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston Bryant, Dr. Ward C., Greenfield Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston Russell, Newton H., 12 Burnette Ave., So. Hadley Center Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield Williams, Moses, 18 Tremont St., Boston   MICHIGAN Bradley, Homer, Care Kellogg Farms, Route 1, Augusta Burgardt, H., Route 2, Union City Graves, Henry B., 73 Forest Ave., West, Detroit Healy, Oliver T., Care Mich. Nut Nursery, Route 2, Union City Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek Neilson, Prof. James A., Care Mich. State College, East Lansing Stocking Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac Ave., Detroit   MINNESOTA Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis Weschcke, Carl, 1048 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul   MISSOURI Stark Bros. Nursery, Louisiana Windhorst, Dr. M. R., Univ. Club Bldg., St. Louis   NEBRASKA Caha, William, Wahoo   NEW JERSEY * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Norton, W. J., 104 Scotland Road, South Orange   NEW YORK Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 63rd St., Brooklyn Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., Baldwin Bixby, Willard G., Baldwin Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Care Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, Brooklyn Garber, Hugh G., 75 Fulton St., New York Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn Harman-Brown, Miss Helen, Croton Falls Hodgson,

Casper W., Care World Book Co., Yonkers Holden, Frank H., Care R. H. Macy & Co., New York * Huntington, A. M., 1 E. 89th St., New York Lester, Henry, 650 Main St., New Rochelle MacDaniels, L. H., Care Cornell Univ., Ithaca * Olcott, Ralph T., Box 124, Rochester Pickhardt, Dr. O. C., 117 E. 80th St., New York Schlemmer, Claire D., Islip Solley, Dr. John B., 108 E. 66th St., New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva Steffee, John G., 317 Sixth Ave., Brooklyn Tice, David, 55-56 Saving Bank Bldg., Lockport Vanderbilt, George V., Greenville * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York   OHIO Fickes, W. R., Route 7, Wooster Gerber, E. P., Apple Creek Park, J. B., Care Ohio State Univ., Columbus Walker, C. F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati   OREGON Walters, Stanley C., Mount Hood   PENNSYLVANIA Abbott, Mrs. Laura Woodward, Route 2, Bristol Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown Deeben, Fred, Trevorton Gable, Jos. B., Stewartstown Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote, P. O., Box 31 Hershey, John W., Downingtown Hostetter, C. F., Bird-in-Hand Hostetter, L. K., Route 5, Lancaster Kaufmann, M. M., Clarion Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton Mathews, George A., Route 1, Cambridge Springs Miller, Herbert Pinecrest Poultry Farm, Richfield Paden, Riley W., Route 2, Enon Valley * Rick, John, 438 Penn. Square, Reading Sauchelli, V., 1628 Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh Schmidt, A. G., Nazareth Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Muncy Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 1st St., Erie * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. and Wister Street, Germantown Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg   RHODE ISLAND Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorrance St., Providence   VERMONT Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Springfield Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven   VIRGINIA Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke Trout, Dr. Hugh H., Care Jefferson Hospital, Roanoke   WASHINGTON Berg, D. H., Nooksack Richardson, J. B., Lakeside   WEST VIRGINIA Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Care General Hospital, Charleston Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown

* Life Member

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CONSTITUTION

title="[Pg 11]"/>

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BY-LAWS

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REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

of the

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION

of the

NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

(Incorporated)

September 17, 18 and 19, 1930

CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA

The first session convened at 10 o'clock at the Hotel Montrose, President Neilson in the chair.

The President: We have a long and varied program to present, and inasmuch as we have only one day for the discussions it will be necessary to make the best use of our time. First we will read letters and telegrams from members who are not able to come.

The Secretary: This letter is from Dr. Morris.

"I was counting on getting out to the Nut Growers' Association meeting this year and having the pleasure of seeing all of my old friends once more and getting the inspiration that fills the air at our meetings. I find it absolutely necessary, however, to cut off all distractions until I can get two books finished. Work upon them has been delayed and the line of thought changed so often that it becomes a duty to confine myself to literary work, but I hope to be with you during our next twenty meetings."

This telegram is from Mr. Bixby.

"Have mailed Mr. Snyder abstract of report on nut contest and paper on beechnuts. Regret I cannot be at convention. Crop of nuts here is better than ever before. Best wishes for success of convention. Willard G. Bixby."

The President: I am going to name two committees. The resolutions committee: Mr. Weber, Mr. Frey, Dr. Deming. The nominating committee: Mr. Frey, Mr. Snyder, Dr. Smith, Dr. Zimmerman, Mr. Hershey. Professor Herrick, Secretary of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, would like to make a few remarks.

Prof. Herrick: I want to extend to you greetings from the Iowa State Horticultural Society. Mr. Snyder knows that at our state fair we had a wonderful exhibit of edible nuts. It has just closed. We had six tables of good length, 16 feet, well filled, in fact crowded. We never in the history of the society have provided enough room for the edible nuts. We hope this year at the Midwest Horticultural Exhibit at Shenandoah it may be possible for you to send your exhibits. There will be $7,000 in cash premiums. Every one of you will receive an official premium list the first of next week. We have in Southern Iowa a great deal of land well adapted for this industry, and I assure you that the Iowa Horticultural Society is very much interested in the spreading of the gospel.

The President: We appreciate the invitation that Professor Herrick has given us. One of the inspiring factors in my interest in nut culture came to me some years ago when I came to the Iowa State College to take graduate work. I went to Des Moines with Professor Maney to see the exhibit staged by Mr. Snyder. Our first paper this morning is by Mr. Snyder, "Nuts and Nut Growers of the Middle West."

Mr. Snyder: I will confine my remarks to the newer things that you haven't heard of. I will first note a shagbark hickory that stands in my own neighborhood, an outstanding variety we call Hand. This is very much like the Vest in shape and size and cracking quality. According to my tests, this variety cracks out 50% meat, and since it is a local variety and I know it is hardy and fruitful, I am placing it ahead of the Vest for the Middle West. It is certainly equal to it in every way and hardy and fruitful. While the Vest hasn't yet matured nuts I am rather doubtful whether it will prove of any value here.

There is one nut that I have been drawing attention to in the past few years, called Hagen, that I have frequently said was the best nut growing in Iowa. I have found one we call the Elliott that appears to be just as good, so nearly like it that it is hard to separate them when they are mixed up. The Elliott stands near Oxford, a little south of here.

The best cracker I have found in Iowa is one called Sande. This stands in Story County, about 20 miles north of Ames. I found this on the tables at our state fair and the superintendent of the nut exhibit called my attention to it in particular. Said it had been appearing there for a couple of years back, and that he thought it was very well worth our attention. I took up correspondence with the parties who were bringing it to the fair and they agreed to give me such information as I wanted about it, so I drove up there. When I got there I found they didn't own the tree. They had been stealing the nuts, putting them on exhibit and getting the premiums. They wouldn't take me to the tree because they didn't own it. They did tell me who owned it and I went to see him. I told him the circumstances. He just got red-headed at once. The idea of someone stealing the nuts and getting the premiums! We got right into it. The up-shot of it was I got some scions and

some nuts. Just a lick of the hammer and two halves drop out, don't have to pick them out, just roll out. It is an excellent nut. It was a rather young tree and very fruitful. Very good quality with a little thicker shell than other varieties.

We have another one, the Ward. This is another 50% cracker, very excellent flavor. While it appears to be a small nut, after you have cracked it the meats look almost as large it has such a very thin shell. As you might say almost all meat.

Dr. Deming: What do you mean by 50% cracker?

Mr. Snyder: The shells and the meats when separated and weighed just balance each other.

I have looked up another one. At present I haven't any authority for naming this variety. I am just calling it Independence because of the community in which it is found. I will take this up with the parties that own the tree and get authority for naming it if they will consent. This is just a temporary name for a very excellent variety. It is owned by a party named Geisel. They have a well-known nut that has been taking premiums in our midwest. This is another in the same grove that is just as good as the Geisel. It is a very good nut, very fine flavor, good cracker and more than ordinary size.

We have another one that stands in sight of my home, that is called DeWees. This is a large tree that possibly is somewhat over a hundred years old, and its common crop is about five bushels of hulled nuts. It is a free cracker, excellent quality and very prominent in the locality in which the tree stands.

There is another one that appeared in the midwest exhibition here in Cedar Rapids a few years ago, called the Lynch. It was brought out by the Boys and Girls Club and received a good deal of publicity at that time on that account. It is a thin-shelled nut and very good cracker but not of the highest eating quality. I hunted up the tree and got some scions from it and distributed them. I didn't use any of them myself, didn't think it good enough, the eating quality not good enough to suit me. It is an excellent variety however.

Dr. Smith: Something like the Ben Davis?

Mr. Snyder: Yes.

Dr. Colby: The Ben Davis makes the profit though, Dr. Smith.

Mr. Snyder: We have found another one that came out at the Cedar Rapids exposition. I am calling it the Cline. I have no authority to call it that. The tree stands here in Cedar Rapids. I haven't had time to see it since two years ago when it was brought to my attention. If I am any judge of quality this is the finest hickory nut I have ever found. Its eating quality is just ahead of anything I know of in the hickory line, and it's of fair size, a little above medium and a good cracker and a long keeper. I have frequently tested them. I only got a handful to start with. I have tested these time after time to see how long it was going to keep. The last time I tested it was this last spring and it was in excellent condition. There are a good many of our hickory nuts that turn rancid in six months. But a nut that keeps two years, and I don't know but what they are good yet, is going to be a very big item in hickory nut culture.

Dr. Drake: Have you kept these eighteen months in good order?

Mr. Snyder: Yes.

Mr. Hershey: Would soil conditions have anything to do with it?

Mr. Snyder: Possibly but I don't think so. The Fairbanks, for instance, from different soils; I can see no difference in their keeping.

Mr. Hershey: I know that is true of grapes that are grown in different sections.

Mr. Snyder: I can see no difference in the Fairbanks. In a few weeks' time it loses its edible qualities. I wouldn't care for it after it is a few weeks old. After it is thoroughly cured and dried, I don't think the Fairbanks fit to eat.

Member: How about the Stratford?

Mr. Snyder: The original Stratford was cut for fire wood in 1926. Just before it was cut it bore a heavy crop of nuts. Yesterday I cracked one. I was right hungry and needed something to eat. I could eat them yet. It is a great keeper. I know it was four years old or over.

Member: How does it crack?

Mr. Snyder: It is a good cracker and very thin shelled. The Stratford is, I think, a hybrid of the shagbark and bitternut. It is very evident that it is a hybrid by the appearance of the nuts. But it doesn't have that property of the Fairbanks of spoiling as it dries. The two nuts are very different in that. You will find a great range of quality in these hybrids.

I believe that puts me through the list of hickories of which I have made a list. I have a number of others under observation that may in the future be of importance.

I have several black walnuts that have made their appearance since our contest was completed. We now have one called the Finney. This stands in Marshall County right beside the Northwestern Railroad track. I sent this to Professor Drake of Arkansas for testing and he reported it was a little better than Thomas, so I think we have a variety there that is worth taking care of. I received the sample of nuts through a friend, I believe it was three years ago. I didn't see anything particularly attractive in the outside appearance of the nuts, so threw them aside and didn't test them until some months later. I passed it up at that time as not being better than the Thomas, anyway, and some months later I cracked another one of them. I went on that way for the last year until this last fall. I had quite a quantity of them and every time I came across them I would sample them. Finally I sent some of them to Professor Drake, with the results that I have mentioned. So now I have concluded that it is a very worthwhile variety and I have begun propagating them.

Dr. Drake: Did you call it by another name before?

Mr. Snyder: Well, I believe I called it Brenton.

Dr. Drake: That is the name I remember.

Mr. Snyder: From the extreme north line of our state, a place called Cresco, I received samples of a walnut. This I considered on its first appearance as being a worthwhile variety and I took it up with the party who sent it to me and we agreed to call it Cresco. It is a very thin-shelled walnut, above medium size, excellent eating quality, and coming from so far north, and ripening and being of such excellent quality, I thought it was worth looking after and we began propagating it under that name.

We have another one that made its appearance in the Cedar Rapids exposition, that has been named Safely. This is of the Ohio type of walnut and I believe will prove to be just as good, possibly better. The first samples received of this were ripened under unfavorable conditions and were not fully up to their best. I think this will be worth looking after, although I have not yet made an effort to propagate it or get scions. It is owned by a cousin of mine so I could get them.

The best thing I have found in the state of Iowa I have authority to call Burrows. This is the finest cracking black walnut I have ever found. Just a crack of the hammer—four quarters. You don't have to pick them out. It stands near the county line of Marshall County, near a little town called Gillman.

The President: Have you specimens of all of these?

Mr.

Snyder: Yes, specimens on the tables. I believe this puts me through the list of nuts as far as anything new is concerned. I am quite an enthusiast about the black walnut. There is a double purpose in the black walnut here in Iowa because our saw mill men tell me, and we have the largest manufacturing walnut mills here in Iowa, they tell me the Iowa grown walnut is the most valuable black walnut and they will pay the best price for it. This alone makes it valuable to plant black walnuts here in Iowa. Another thing, they are easily and quickly grown. Our millers tell us that anyone who cuts down a walnut tree ought to be compelled to plant two. If we all followed this rule the supply would never be exhausted. We know the demand will not be.

Mr. Hershey: Couldn't we pass a law here, as they have in Germany, that every man has to plant thirty trees before he can get married?

The President: Have you found a first class butternut?

Mr. Snyder: None, except those that have been listed for a couple of years. The Buckley is the best in the state. Sherwood is next. Those two are the best.

The President: In Michigan we are interested in getting a good butternut.

Mr. Snyder: By the way, we have on the table a hybrid. This hybrid is a cross between the sieboldiana and the American butternut. We call it the Helmick hybrid. We have propagated it for our own use at home. We have it under restrictions. I have six seedlings that I have produced from seed of this Helmick hybrid that are crossed with the Stabler black walnut. In these seedlings are wrapped up three distinct species, the Stabler (Juglans nigra), Japanese heartnut (Juglans sieboldiana cordiformis) and the American butternut (Juglans cinerea). I know this is the result because when the Helmick hybrid bloomed its cluster containing eighteen nutlets would have perished for want of pollen to fertilize them because it had produced no staminate blossoms of its own. There being nothing on the place with ripe catkins shedding pollen, I was watching them very closely for fear there would nothing else bloom in time to fertilize the nutlets, and the first thing to offer ripe pollen that could be used was the Stabler walnut, from which I gathered a handful of catkins and carried to the Helmick hybrid and dusted pollen over the cluster of nutlets and succeeded in saving six out of the cluster of eighteen. These matured into full grown nuts which were saved and each of them grew into a nice young seedling. I know beyond question that these seedlings represent the three distinct species mentioned because there was nothing furnishing pollen with which to fertilize them except the Stabler walnut.

The President: The work that Mr. Snyder and Dr. Drake and Dr. Deming are doing in locating good varieties of nuts is certainly very valuable. If we had the whole country hunting for good nut trees we could tell what the country is producing. We have a great many valuable varieties throughout the United States and Canada.

Our next speaker is Professor T. J. Maney of the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames. I am very much pleased that the experiment stations in some of the states are actively interested in the propagating of nut trees. New York, Iowa and Ohio are doing work along this line and no doubt other experiment stations are interested. In quite a number of them there is a great lack of interest, and perhaps I should say of knowledge, about nut culture in general.

Prof. Maney: During the past six or seven years, during our regular annual short course, we have been having a week for a nut short course and we have been very fortunate in having Mr. Harrington and Mr. Snyder there. That work has already resulted in the establishment of a nut project that will continue to grow during the coming year.

You recall that Mr. Neilson revived the subject of paraffin. I notice that he always wound up with a plea that someone invent an apparatus to apply the paraffin. What I have here is an answer to the plea. This apparatus consists of a two and one-half inch pipe with a spray nozzle attached. The idea is to put into the tube hot paraffin and apply pressure here, and then with a plumber's blowtorch keep the paraffin heated. The handle is covered with asbestos. I didn't spend much time in working this up but I think it works fairly well. There is one difficulty in perfecting your apparatus to apply hot paraffin, and that is the fact that when it comes out it immediately congeals into a sort of snow. You just can't atomize hot paraffin. The only way is through air pressure. I used this on some dahlia roots quite successfully. This did the work very well in that case and I think for applying it to rose roots and plants of that kind it may work quite successfully. Another thing I thought might be of interest to you is some work in grafting by the use of paraffin. Last year I was interested in grafting some apples. On July 12th I made some regular cleft grafts, using the green wood as the scion after removing the leaves.

Dr. Smith: Wood of that year or previous?

Prof. Maney: That year. The entire graft was covered with paraffin. This picture was taken on September 5th, a period of 55 days later, and during that time growth was 25 inches. I am sure it can be worked very successfully with different fruit trees. It is especially valuable in replacing dead grafts. These grafts went through the very severe winter very successfully. I am sure I appreciate this opportunity to appear on the program, and I hope to continue with the work at Ames and perhaps appear at future dates.

Mr. Weber: May I ask how hot it got that summer?

Prof. Maney: Oh, the temperature was up to 100, 103 and 104.

Mr. Weber: What kind of paraffin did you use?

Prof. Maney: Just ordinary paraffin.

Mr. Weber: Did you notice any bad results?

Prof. Maney: No, apparently no ill effects.

Mr. Weber: Paraffin has a tendency when it gets extremely hot to run down and kill the graft.

Dr. Smith: What would be the effect of putting in some beeswax?

Prof. Maney: I think that would be all right.

Mr. Weber: Paraffin this summer killed two nut grafts for me.

Dr. Zimmerman: Are you sure it was the paraffin? I have finally come to the conclusion that when the sun gets hot enough to melt the wax it will kill the graft anyway.

Mr. Weber: I noticed the heat did not kill another one that I did not use the paraffin on. Previous years it simply scorched the tree.

Dr. Zimmerman: The heavy coating of wax protects a little from the heat, I thought.

Mr. Harrington: In very hot weather I put heavy paper around the graft and a handful of dirt. That protects it from the sun.

Mr. Weber: I have tried that.

The President: I am very much interested in seeing Professor Maney's spraying apparatus. We also tried to spray and got something like snow. We also found that the wax congealed in the nozzle. Last spring I almost blew my head off. I am now experimenting with a material which acts as an emulsifying agent on waxes and resin. I have developed a formula, paraffin 5 pounds and Pick Up Gum one pound. I dissolve the emulsifying agent and heat the wax. This solution can

be sprayed on trees without difficulty when it is warm. When it gets cool, however, we have to heat it again. I hope to have some definite reports to make as to the feasibility of this later on, and possibly on conifers as well. We have been up a tree when it came to spraying wax and we have been at a disadvantage in transplanting conifers. Regarding the comments as to paraffin wax melting, I do have a little difficulty on the south side and sloping to the northeast. The sun's rays would be rather direct. I think the suggestion Mr. Weber made was very good. Two-thirds paraffin and one-third beeswax. Possibly we would have to increase the beeswax where trees are growing on a southern slope.

Dr. Zimmerman: I found the hottest place 2 inches above the soil. I shade grafts with a piece of shingle.

The President: The principle in grafting trees is to regulate the moisture and the temperature factors. As a means of regulating the moisture I use German peat around the graft.

Mr. Hershey: Have any of you had experience in grafting on the north side of the stock? I found that quite a good scheme, so that the heat doesn't kill the grafts. We grafted on the 15th of June this year.

The President: Professor Drake has done a good deal of work in locating good varieties of black walnuts in the southwest and I am sure he will be glad to tell you what he has found. Let me repeat what I said about Mr. Snyder's work, that the most valuable work that is being done is the discovering of new varieties of nuts.

Prof. Drake: I shall talk about the methods I use in scoring the black walnut in Arkansas. Color of kernel. The way I have determined that is to first make a measuring scale. Get walnuts whose kernels show different color. The lightest I call number one. It is quite easy to divide them into five different groups. I feel that this grading can be pretty well done, except possibly for the flavor, all the way through. Applying this method to different nuts, here is the result that I have obtained with the best ones:

I find the Stabler to rank first, with total grade points of 71.66. For making the test with the Stabler I have had Stabler nuts from a number of different places, Snyder, Reed, University of Missouri and nuts I have grown myself.

The next two will be a surprise to you and I feel quite sure that after further tests they may grade differently. The next highest is the Ogden. I believe it was found in Kentucky in 1926 or 1927. Score of 70.90. The Ogden nuts that I tested were thoroughly dry and gave an excellent cracking quality, and I expect the test would go down a little bit had they not been dried so long. I am sure, however, the Ogden is an excellent cracker. I don't know just how the flavor of the Ogden will be. I have some feeling that the flavor will not be as good as some.

The third is the Adams. This one comes from West Park in the northern part of Iowa. It is one that runs very high in kernel per cent. This gives a total score of 70.87.

While I think of it, there is one point about the method that I use for scoring that is better, I think, than some other methods that have been used, that it gives credit for even a part of a per cent. You will notice that I run these out to the third point.

I can't say about the Adams color. That nut also had been thoroughly dried and I think the cracking quality shows better than it ordinarily would. I think that is a variety that we should keep in mind and especially that it should be used for crossing because of high percentage of kernel.

The fourth comes from Arkansas, that I have called the "Walker." Scored 70. I suppose we can't claim it entirely from Arkansas, although it was planted there about 50 years ago. The owner moved there from Illinois. There are five or six trees, two of them with excellent nuts. The chances are that the score of this would be lowered somewhat if it were more thoroughly tested. Last year when I tested I only got four. He told me that was almost the most complete failure he had ever known for that tree. Of those four only two were good. One of them I tested before it was thoroughly dry and I felt that I couldn't test it properly. The other nut I tested was larger. It weighed about 36 grams. I am sure that size will be cut down when we can get the nuts from a normal crop. This year the tree has a good crop and it can be tested more thoroughly.

The next on the list is the Burrows. I think I only had two nuts for testing this variety. So this score may be somewhat altered. I always try to test at least ten nuts, and another year if I can get a sample I will test them again. The score was 69.79.

Following that is another one of Mr. Snyder's, the Finney, from Iowa. That scored 68.82. After that comes our old standard variety, the Ohio, 68.30. Thomas 67.93. Following the Thomas is a variety, the Bohanan, with a score of 66.89. After that the Asbury, 66.65; and the Iowa variety from Iowa that John Rohwer sent me, 66.36. The Iowa is a little bit better cracker than the Rohwer. Not quite as high percentage of kernel. Slightly larger nut I believe. The Iowa nut is a little rougher on the outside than the Rohwer. Following the Iowa is the Edgewood from Arkansas. This is another of those trees, the parent tree coming from Illinois, score 66. Ten Eyck, score 65.75. Knapke, score 63.73. Very good producer. Following that is the Arkansas variety from my home with a score of 63.11. The next variety comes from British Columbia, the Attick, 62.02. As I have said, of some of these I have not had sufficient nuts, and some of them are more thoroughly dry than others. I am sure there will be some shifting in place. However, for the better walnuts that I have and the ones I have plenty to test with I feel that there will be little change from where I have placed them. I have made another grouping. For large size the Walker scores the highest with 36.20 points. Now as to cracking quality, the Throp 100%, Ogden 94.43%.

Member: What did you crack them with?

Prof. Drake: With a hammer.

Dr. Colby: Do you use any fertilizer in your orchard?

Prof. Drake: I have some. At first I didn't but afterwards I used some barn yard manure and some nitrate. Of late years I put some bone meal around the roots when I plant them.

The President: Any further discussion of this interesting paper?

Dr. Deming: Do you use the hammer in cracking entirely?

Prof. Drake: Yes, sir.

Dr. Deming: Why do you not use the mechanical cracker? Do you not think the commercial value of the black walnut is best tested by using a mechanical cracker? It will never be cracked with a hammer.

Prof. Drake: That point is well taken. In the first place I didn't have a commercial cracker but plenty of hammers. Another thing, the commercial crackers are being developed. Unless we all try them out in the same way there would be no value in it. I thought it would be more accurate to use a hammer.

The President: Professor A. F. Yeager is unable to be with us. Therefore, Dr. Colby will read his paper.

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