TAXIDERMY
And
ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTING
A COMPLETE HANDBOOK FOR THE AMATEUR TAXIDERMIST,
COLLECTOR, OSTEOLOGIST, MUSEUM-BUILDER,
SPORTSMAN, AND TRAVELLER
By
WILLIAM. T. HORNADAY
Zoological Collector and Taxidermist for Ward's Natural Science Establishment;
late Superintendent of the National Zoological Park;
author of "Two Years in the Jungle," etc.
With Chapters On
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS
By W.J. HOLLAND, Ph.D., D.D.
Pittsburg, and the Iron City Microscopical Society; Life Member of the Ent. Soc.
of France; Fellow of the Ent. Soc. of London, etc.
Illustrated by CHARLES BRADFORD HUDSON
And Other Artists
24 plates and 85 Text Illustrations
FOURTH EDITION
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1894
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
TROW DIRECTORY
PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY
NEW YORK
G. BROWN GOODE, LL D.
WHOSE LIBERAL POLICY HAS DONE SO MUCH
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AMERICAN TAXIDERMY
THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED AS AN EXPRESSION
OF APPRECIATION OF HIS VALUABLE PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE
ORGANIZATION, DIRECTION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
AND ALSO OF
SINCERE PERSONAL REGARD
PREFACE.
In these heydays of popular zoology, when eager young naturalists are coming to the front in crowds, and fine new scientific museums are starting up on every hand, there is small need to apologize for the appearance of a work designed expressly for the naturalist and museum-builder. Had justice been done, some one would have written this book ten years ago.
The rapid and alarming destruction of all forms of wild animal life which is now going on furiously throughout the entire world, renders it imperatively necessary for those who would build up great zoological collections to be up and doing before any more of the leading species are exterminated. It is already too late to collect wild specimens of the American bison, Californian elephant seal, West Indian seal, great auk, and Labrador duck. Very soon it will also be too late to collect walrus, manatee, fur seal, prong-horn antelope, elk, moose, mountain sheep, and mountain goat. All along the Atlantic coast and in Florida the ducks are being exterminated for the metropolitan markets, and the gulls, terns, herons, egrets, ibises, and spoonbills are being slaughtered wholesale for the equally bloodthirsty goddess of Fashion. If the naturalist would gather representatives of all these forms for perpetual preservation, and future study, he must set about it at once.
This work is offered as my contribution to the science of zoology and the work of the museum-builder. It is entirely "an affair of the heart," and my only desire in regard to it is that it may be the means of materially increasing the world's store of well-selected and well-preserved examples of the beautiful and interesting animal forms that now inhabit the earth and its waters. The sight of a particularly fine animal, either alive or dead, excites within me feelings of admiration that often amount to genuine affection; and the study and preservation of such forms has for sixteen years been my chief delight.
In these pages I have sought to give, in clear language, the detailed information which I have found deplorably lacking in all "manuals" on this subject that I have ever seen, save one, in French, published many years ago, and which, while very tiresome to write out, are precisely what the practical worker wants. I hold a permanent grudge against those who have written before me on the subjects here treated of, because of what they did not write. The average book on taxidermy contains four times too much "padding," and not one quarter enough practical information. "If this be treason, make the most of it."
The students of entomology are indebted to Dr. Holland for his admirable chapters on Insects, and I leave them to make their own acknowledgments. My own very sincere thanks are hereby tendered him for his valuable contribution to this work, thereby making it complete. I am also under obligations to Mr. Charles Bradford Hudson, the accomplished artist, whose skill has done so much to explain and embellish the text. The spirit and interest with which he entered into his share of the work very materially lightened and encouraged my own tardy labors.
My thanks are also due to my valued friend, Mr. Frederic A. Lucas, of the Department of Comparative Anatomy, National Museum, and one of the founders of the Society of American Taxidermists, for advice and assistance in the preparation of the illustrations relating to work on skeletons. Mr. W. Harvey Brown, Naturalist of the U.S. Eclipse Expedition to Africa, kindly wrote for me nearly all of the chapter on "Mounting Disarticulated Skeletons;" Messrs. William Palmer and John W. Hendley, of the National Museum, also rendered me valuable services; for all of which I gladly record here an expression of my thanks and appreciation.
Having already retired from taxidermy forever, this is positively my "last appearance" in this field.
W.T.H.
Buffalo, N.Y.
CONTENTS.
Part 1.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
Part 2.
TAXIDERMY.
CHAPTER XII. The Laboratory and Its Appointments, 99-101 CHAPTER XIII. Preliminary Work in Mounting Mammals, 102-107 CHAPTER XIV. Principles of Universal Application in Mounting the Higher Vertebrates, 108-114 CHAPTER XV. Mounting Small Mammals, 115-128 CHAPTER XVI. Mounting Large Mammals: Ordinary Methods, 129-139 CHAPTER XVII. Mounting Large Mammals: The Construction of Manikins, 140-149 CHAPTER XVIII. Finishing Mounted Mammals, 150-157 CHAPTER XIX. Mounting Mammal Heads as Trophies and Ornaments, 158-170 CHAPTER XX. Facial Expression and Mouth Modeling, 171-178 CHAPTER XXI. Relaxing Dry Skins of Birds, 179-182 CHAPTER XXII. Mounting Small Birds, 183-190 CHAPTER XXIII. Mounting Large Birds, 191-197 CHAPTER XXIV. Cleaning the Plumage of Birds, 198-201 CHAPTER XXV. Mounting Reptiles, 202-207 CHAPTER XXVI. Mounting Fishes, 208-216 CHAPTER XXVII. Mounting Lobsters and Crabs, 217-219 CHAPTER XXVIII. Ornamental Taxidermy, 219-228 CHAPTER XXIX. Groups and Grouping, 229-235Part 3.
MAKING CASTS.
CHAPTER XXXIV. Principles of Universal Application in Making Moulds and Casts, 259-267 CHAPTER XXXV. Casts of Mammals, Fishes, and Reptiles, 268-270Part 4.
OSTEOLOGY.
CHAPTER XXXVI. Collecting Skeletons, 271-281 CHAPTER XXXVII. Cleaning Large Skeletons by Macerating, 282-284 CHAPTER XXXVIII. Cleaning and Mounting Small Skeletons, 285-295 CHAPTER XXXIX. Mounting a Large Disarticulated Skeleton, 296-304Part 5.
THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS.
CHAPTER XL. The Classification of Insects, 305-308 CHAPTER XLI. Eggs and Larvæ: Breeding and Rearing, 309-319 CHAPTER XLII. Collecting Imagoes, 320-327 CHAPTER XLIII. Preparation, Care, and Display of Insects, 328-338Part 6.
GENERAL INFORMATION.
CHAPTER XLIV. Insect Pests, and Poisoning, 339-345 CHAPTER XLV. Useful Information, 346-350 CHAPTER XLVI. The Best Books of Reference, 351-355 INDEXLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FULL-PAGE PLATES.
FACING I. Head of Royal Bengal Tiger. (Frontispiece.) PAGE II. Two Pages from an Old Field Note-book (Double Plate), 22 III. Measurements of a Large Mammal, 38 IV. How to Cut Open and Mount a Fish,TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS.
PART I.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
FIG. PAGE 1. The Best Knives for a Collector or Taxidermist, 15 2. Squirrel partly Skinned 27 3. Skinning a Squirrel's Head, 28 4. A Model Mammal Skin, 34 5. Another Form of Mammal Skin, 35PART II.
TAXIDERMY.
FIG. PAGE 24. Skin Scrapers, about One-fourth Actual Size, 103 25. Leg Making and Wiring, 117 26 Wiring Together, 119 26a. The Legs Wired Together, 121 27. The Finished Specimen, 124 28. Author's Method of Mounting Bats on Glass, 128 29. Artificial Skeleton for Hand of an Orang-Utan, 131 30. Fillers of Various Kinds, 133 31. An Iron Square, 136 32. Leg Irons of an American Bison, 144 33. Skinning a Deer's Ear, 161 34. The Ear Half-Skinned,PART III.
MAKING CASTS.
FIG. PAGE 59. Beginning to Make a Piece Mould, 260 60. Second Step in Making a Piece Mould, 261 61. Last Step in Making a Piece Mould, 262 62. The Finished Mould, 262 63. The Beginning of a Waste Mould,PART IV.
OSTEOLOGY.
FIG. PAGE 66. Rough Skeleton of a Small Animal, 274 67. Rough Skeleton of a Bird, 277 68. Steel Bone-Scrapers, 286 69. Skeleton of a Bat, as Exhibited, 291 70. Skeleton of a Bird, Mounted and Drying, 292 71. Wiring a Skeleton Wing, 293 72. Skeleton of a Turtle, 294 73. The Sacrum and Spinal Rod, 298 74. Attachment of Ribs to a Vertebra, 298 75. Middle Joint of the Hind Leg: Side View, 300 76. Middle Joint of Hind Leg: Rear View, 301 77. Bones of the Foot: Side View, 301 78. Bones of the Foot: Rear View, 301 79. The Knee-Joint, 302 80. Front View of Knee-Joint, 302 81. Front View of Elbow-Joint, 302PART V.
THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS.
FIG. PAGE 82. Apparatus for Inflating Larvæ, 314 83. Drying Oven, 315 84. Drying Oven for Larva Skin (After Riley), 315 85. Wire Bent into Shape for Mounting Larva (After Riley), 316 86. Breeding Cage (After Riley), 317 87. Breeding Cage, 318 88. Net-frame (After Riley), 320 89. Net-head, for Removable Frame (After Riley), 321 90. Folding Net (After Riley), 321 91. Collecting Jar,TAXIDERMY AND ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTING.
PART I.—COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
Eternal vigilance is the price of a collection.
CHAPTER I.
THE WORKER AND THE WORK TO BE DONE.
The need of thoroughly skilled collectors is increasing every hour; and right here let me say to the young naturalist athirst for travel and adventure, There is no other way in which you can so easily find a way to gratify your heart's desire as by becoming a skilful collector.
The most important vertebrate forms are being rapidly swept off the face of the earth by firearms, traps, and other engines of destruction. In five years' time—perhaps in three—there will not be a wild buffalo left in this country outside of protected limits. There are less than one hundred even now—and yet how very few of our museums have good specimens of this most interesting and conspicuous native species.
The rhytina, the Californian elephant seal, the great auk, and the Labrador duck have already been exterminated. For many years the West Indian seal was regarded as wholly extinct, but a small colony has lately been discovered by Mr. Henry L. Ward on a remote islet in the Gulf of Mexico. The walrus, the manatee, the moose, mountain goat, antelope, mountain sheep, the sea otter, the beaver, elk, and mule deer are all going fast, and by the time the museum-builders of the world awake to the necessity of securing good specimens of all these it may be too late to find them.
Even in South Africa, where big game once existed in countless thousands, nothing remains of the larger species save a few insignificant springboks, and no game worth mentioning can be found nearer than the Limpopo Valley, eight hundred miles north of the Cape!
Now is the time to collect. A little later it will cost a great deal more, and the collector will get a great deal less. Sportsmen, pot-hunters, and breech-loading firearms are increasing in all parts of the world much faster than the game to be shot, and it is my firm belief that the time will come when the majority of the vertebrate species now inhabiting the earth in a wild state will be either totally exterminated, or exist only under protection.
But do not launch out as a collector until you know how to collect. The observance of this principle would have saved the useless slaughter of tens of thousands of living creatures, and prevented the accumulation of tons upon tons of useless rubbish in the zoological museums of the world. It costs just as much to collect and care for scientific rubbish as it would to do the same by an equal number of scientific treasures. Between fool collectors on one hand, and inartistic taxidermists on the other, the great majority of the world's zoological museums have been filled with objects that are anything but attractive; and for this state of affairs the collectors are more to blame than the taxidermists.
Bad work in collecting is, in nine cases out of ten, due to one of two causes—ignorance or laziness. By some curious process of reasoning, many really intelligent men conclude that they can go into the field and collect successfully without having learned a single thing about methods, or asked a word of advice from a competent instructor. Many seem to think that the only thing required is main strength, and that even that may be exerted by proxy. Even now, men who have travelled and written books go to South America and dry all their skins in the sun—after having carefully removed all the leg bones—and their small skeletons they boil!
Some of the worst mammal skins I ever saw were made by a professor of natural history, who actually managed to do nearly everything as it should not have been done. And yet, collecting all kinds of animal specimens, in all climates, is perfectly simple to any one who has enough enterprise to inform himself of the most reliable methods, and put them in practice.
I will confess I feel very deeply on this point, for I have toiled, needlessly, unnumbered hours, and days too, in overcoming, as far as possible, the inexcusable blunders of collectors. I have seen thousands of dollars wasted in this way that could have been saved by good work in the field. It is easier to mount two
These are the qualities which are required to make a first-class collector: He must have a fair general knowledge of zoology, especially the vertebrates. He must be a good shot, a successful hunter, and capable of great physical endurance. Then he must be a neat and skilful operator with the knife, and conscientious in the details of his work, down to the smallest particulars, for without this quality his specimens will always be faulty and disappointing. In addition to all these requirements he must be a man of tireless energy, incapable of going to bed so long as there are birds to be skinned, and who, whenever a doubt arises in his mind in regard to the necessity of more work on a specimen will always give the specimen the benefit of the doubt.
I strongly advise every one who becomes a collector to learn to sketch from nature. No matter whether you have any artistic ability or not, if you are determined about it, you can learn to make pencil sketches of rare specimens in the field, and of native houses, costumes, weapons, etc., and remarkable natural objects of all kinds, which, even though crude and inartistic in finish, may be of permanent value to the scientific world. The camera and dry plate are of great value, but commend me to the pencil and sketch-book that "sticketh closer than a brother," and that never fail you on account of weather, weight, or accidents. Therefore I say, sketch; sketch poorly if you cannot sketch well, but above all, sketch.
The moment you make up your mind to go on a collecting trip, even if be only into the next county, read everything you can get hold of which will tell you aught about the natural history of the country you are to visit. Ask what has been written, search library catalogues for titles of books, then get all you can, and read all you get. Only the churl will refuse to lend you a book you cannot afford to buy. Read all about the physical geography, geology, climate, inhabitants, fauna and flora, for all these will have a direct bearing on your work. If you are going to unexplored territory, about which nothing has been written, then "read up" on the adjacent countries, for even that will be very useful information.
Guides and Companions.—No matter where you go, you will be obliged to have one or more companions, who know the country, to act as guides and general assistants. It may be that you can find a single person combining the necessary qualities of a guide and interpreter with those of a boatman, a teamster, or porter. The expense of such assistants must be counted upon from the very first. It may be stated as a general rule that in the tropics the services of natives can be had cheaply; while those of Europeans are generally dear in comparison with what they do.
Clothing and Food.—These subjects I propose to leave entirely alone. They make excellent "padding" for a work of this kind when there is a lack of really useful information with which to fill up; but every man feeds and clothes himself according to the dictates of his temperament, his purse, or his own sweet will. Whether his way is the best or the worst, he will still have food and clothes more or less suitable to his needs, and time spent in advising him what to wear and to eat is time wasted. These questions are generally controlled by the locality and circumstances.
Preservation of Health.—There are certain hygienic principles which apply all the world over, and since their observance becomes in the tropics a question of life and death, I will record them. Their observance has preserved my health intact in unwholesome jungles in a way that I consider nothing short of wonderful.
Never sleep on the ground in the wet portions of the tropics when possible to avoid it, but keep above the poisonous miasmatic vapors that lie close to the earth.
Boil water before drinking it, if it is thought to be bad, and avoid stagnant water at all times.
Drink no spirits whatever except when really sick or debilitated, nor wine, nor other alcoholic beverages. Avoid brandy, whiskey, and rum as you would the plague.
Eat no unripe fruit, and with moderation of even ripe fruits, excepting bananas, which are harmless and most excellent food.
Avoid eating large quantities of meat, but give the preference to rice, and farinaceous foods generally.
Wear light flannel shirts, and at all hazards keep the head and nape of the neck well shielded from the sun. Pith helmets are best.
After getting wet, do not sit down in the hot sun with your wet clothes on, but if you must remain in the sun, keep moving.
By means of rubber clothing, or "ponchos," keep from getting wet whenever you can.
On coming into camp with wet garments, do not sit down in them to rest, but change immediately to dry clothing and footgear. The strict observance of this rule will save many an attack of fever.
Medicines.—Every traveller or collector who goes beyond the ready reach of doctors (and for that matter also every family living in the country) should have a small box filled with certain medicines and simple appliances as a resort in all cases of emergency. Very often a deal of mischief can be prevented by having the proper remedy at hand and ready for immediate application. Who has not seen great suffering endured for the lack of a simple remedy costing only a few cents? No matter where I go in the field, or how much luggage I am impeded with, I always carry with me a small, square, japanned tin box (10 inches long, 7 inches wide, and 4 inches deep) which contains the following: