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The Century Handbook of Writing
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The Century Handbook of Writing

by Greever Garland

Page 1

THE
CENTURY HANDBOOK OF
WRITING

BY
GARLAND GREEVER
AND
EASLEY S. JONES




NEW YORK
THE CENTURY CO.
1927


Copyright, 1918, by
The Century Co.

PRINTED IN U. S. A.


PREFACE

This handbook treats essential matters of grammar, diction, spelling, mechanics; and develops with thoroughness the principles of sentence structure. Larger units of composition it leaves to the texts in formal rhetoric.

The book is built on a decimal plan, the material being simplified and reduced to one hundred articles. Headings of these articles are summarized on two opposite pages by a chart. Here the student can see at a glance the resources of the volume, and the instructor can find immediately the number he wishes to write in the margin of a theme. The chart and the decimal scheme together make the rules accessible for instant reference.

By a device equally efficient, the book throws upon the student the responsibility of teaching himself. Each article begins with a concise rule, which is illustrated by examples; then follows a short "parallel exercise" which the instructor may assign by adding an x to the number he writes in the margin of a theme. While correcting this exercise, the student will give attention to the rule, and will acquire theory and practice at the same time. Moreover, every group of ten articles is followed by mixed exercises; these may be used for review, or imposed in the margin of a theme as a penalty for flagrant or repeated error. Thus friendly counsel is backed by discipline, and the instructor has the means of compelling the student to make rapid progress toward good English.

Although a handbook of this nature is in some ways arbitrary, the arbitrariness is always in the interest of simplicity. The book does have simplicity, permits instant reference, and provides an adequate drill which may be assigned at the stroke of a pen.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • SENTENCE STRUCTURE
    • COMPLETENESS OF THOUGHT
      • 1. Fragments wrongly used as sentences
      • 2. Incomplete constructions
      • 3. Necessary words omitted
      • 4. Comparisons not logically completed
      • 5. Cause and reason
      • 6. Is when and is where clauses
      • 7. Undeveloped thought
      • 8. Transitions
      • 9. Exercise
        • A. Incomplete sentences
        • B. Incomplete constructions
        • C. Incomplete logic
        • D. Undeveloped thought and transitions
    • UNITY OF THOUGHT
      • 10. Unrelated ideas in one sentence
      • 11. Excessive detail
      • 12. Stringy sentences to be broken up
      • 13. Choppy sentences to be combined
      • 14. Excessive coördination
      • 15. Faulty subordination of the main thought
      • 16. Subordination thwarted by and
      • 17. The and which construction
      • 18. The comma splice
      • 19. Exercise
        • A. The comma splice
        • B. One thought in a sentence
        • C. Excessive coördination
        • D.
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  • CLEARNESS OF THOUGHT
    • Reference
      • 20. Divided reference
      • 21. Weak reference
      • 22. Broad reference
      • 23. Dangling participle or gerund
    • Coherence
      • 24. General incoherence
      • 25. Logical sequence
      • 26. Squinting modifier
      • 27. Misplaced word
      • 28. Split construction
      • 29. Exercise
        • A. Reference of pronouns
        • B. Dangling modifiers
        • C. Coherence
    • Parallel Structure
      • 30. Parallel structure for parallel thoughts
      • 31. Correlatives
    • Consistency
      • 32. Shift in subject or voice
      • 33. Shift in number, person, or tense
      • 34. Mixed constructions
      • 35. Mixed imagery
    • Use of Connectives
      • 36. The exact connective
      • 37. Repetition of connective with gain in clearness
      • 38. Repetition of connective with loss in clearness
      • 39. Exercise
        • A. Parallel structure
        • B. Shift in subject or voice
        • C. Shift in number, person, or tense
        • D. The exact connective
        • E. Repetition of connectives
  • EMPHASIS
    • 40. Emphasis by position
    • 41. Emphasis by separation
    • 42. Emphasis by subordination
    • 43. The periodic sentence
    • 44. Order of climax
    • 45. The balanced
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    sentence
  • 46. Weak effect of the passive voice
  • 47. Repetition effective:
    • a Words;
    • b Structure
  • 48. Repetition offensive:
    • a Words;
    • b Structure
  • 49. Exercise
    • A. Lack of emphasis in general
    • B. Loose structure
    • C. Repetition
  • GRAMMAR
    • 50. Case:
      • a Nominative, especially after than or as;
      • b Nominative who and whoever;
      • c Predicate nominative;
      • d Objective;
      • e Objective with infinitive;
      • f Possessive;
      • g Possessive with gerund;
      • h Possession by inanimate objects;
      • i Agreement of pronouns
    • 51. Number:
      • a Each, every one, etc.;
      • b Those kind, etc.;
      • c Collective nouns;
      • d Don't
    • 52. Agreement—not to be thwarted by:
      • a Intervening nouns;
      • b Together with phrases;
      • c Or or nor after subject;
      • d And in the subject;
      • e A predicate noun;
      • f An introductory there
    • 53. Shall and will
    • 54. Principal parts. List
    • 55. Tense, mode, auxiliaries:
      • a Tense in dependent clauses or infinitives;
      • b The past perfect;
      • c Present tense for a general statement;
      • d Mode;
      • e Auxiliaries
    • 56.
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    • a Adjective misused for adverb;
    • b Ambiguous cases;
    • c After verbs pertaining to the senses
  • 57. A word in a double capacity
  • 58. List of the terms of grammar
  • 59. Exercise
    • A. Case of pronouns
    • B. Agreement
    • C. Shall and will
    • D. Lie, lay; sit, set; rise, raise
    • E. Principal parts of verbs
    • F. General
  • DICTION
    • 60. Wordiness
    • 61. Triteness
    • 62. The exact word
    • 63. Concreteness
    • 64. Sound
    • 65. Subtle violations of good use:
      • a Faulty idiom;
      • b Colloquialism
    • 66. Gross violations of good use:
      • a Barbarisms;
      • b Improprieties;
      • c Slang
    • 67. Words often confused in meaning. List
    • 68. Glossary of faulty diction
    • 69. Exercise
      • A. Wordiness
      • B. The exact word
      • C. Words sometimes confused in meaning
      • D. Colloquialisms, slang, faulty idioms
  • SPELLING
    • 70. Recording errors
    • 71. Pronouncing accurately
    • 72. Logical kinship in words
    • 73. Superficial resemblances. List
    • 74. Words in ei and ie
    • 75. Doubling a final consonant
    • 76. Dropping final e
    • 77. Plurals:
      • a Plurals in s or es;
      • b 
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  • c Compound nouns;
  • d Letters, figures, and signs;
  • e Old plurals;
  • f Foreign plurals
  • 78. Compounds:
    • a Compound adjectives;
    • b Compound nouns;
    • c Numbers;
    • d Words written solid;
    • e General principle
  • 79. Spelling List (500 words, 200 in bold-face type)
  • MISCELLANEOUS
    • 80. Manuscript:
      • a Titles;
      • b Spacing;
      • c Handwriting
    • 81. Capitals:
      • a To begin a sentence or a quotation;
      • b Proper names;
      • c Proper adjectives;
      • d In titles of books or themes;
      • e Miscellaneous uses
    • 82. Italics:
      • a Titles of books;
      • b Foreign words;
      • c Names of ships;
      • d Words taken out of context;
      • e For emphasis
    • 83. Abbreviations:
      • a In ordinary writing;
      • b In business writing
    • 84. Numbers:
      • a Dates and street numbers;
      • b Long figures; Sums of money, etc.
    • 85. Syllabication:
      • a Position of hyphen;
      • b Division between syllables;
      • c Monosyllabic words not divided;
      • d One consonant between syllables;
      • e Two consonants between syllables;
      • f Prefixes and suffixes;
      • g Short
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    words;
  • h Misleading division
  • 86. Outlines:
    • a Topic Outline;
    • b Sentence Outline;
    • c Paragraph Outline;
    • d Indention;
    • e Parallel form;
    • f Faulty coördination;
    • g Too detailed subordination
  • 87. Letters:
    • a Heading;
    • b Inside address and greeting;
    • c Body, Language;
    • d Close;
    • e Outside address;
    • f Miscellaneous directions;
    • g Model business letter;
    • h Formal notes
  • 88. Paragraphs:
    • a Indention;
    • b Length;
    • c Dialogue
  • 89. Exercise
    • Capitals, numbers, abbreviations, etc.
  • PUNCTUATION
    • 90. The Period:
      • a After sentences;
      • b But not after fragments of sentences;
      • c After abbreviations
    • 91. The Comma:
      • a Between clauses joined by but, for, and;
      • b But not to splice clauses not joined by a conjunction;
      • c After a subordinate clause preceding a main clause;
      • d To set off non-restrictive clauses and phrases;
      • e To set off parenthetical elements;
      • f Between adjectives;
      • g Between words in a series;
      • h Before a quotation;
      • i To compel a pause for clearness;
      • j Superfluous uses
    • 92. The Semicolon:
      • a Between coördinate clauses not joined by a conjunction;
      • b Between long
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    coördinate clauses;
  • c Before a formal conjunctive adverb;
  • d But not before a quotation
  • 93. The Colon:
    • a To introduce a formal series or quotation;
    • b Before concrete illustrations of a previous general statement
  • 94. The Dash:
    • a To enclose a parenthetical statement;
    • b To mark a breaking-off in thought;
    • c Before a summarizing statement;
    • d But not to be used in place of a period;
    • e Not to be confused with the hyphen
  • 95. Parenthesis Marks:
    • a Uses;
    • b With other marks;
    • c Confirmatory symbols;
    • d Not used to cancel words;
    • e Brackets
  • 96. Quotation Marks:
    • a With quotations;
    • b With paragraphs;
    • c In dialogue;
    • d With slang, etc.;
    • e With words set apart;
    • f Quotation within a quotation;
    • g Together with other marks;
    • h Quotation interrupted by he said;
    • i Omission from a quotation;
    • j Unnecessary in the title of a theme, or as a label for humor or irony
  • 97. The Apostrophe:
    • a In contractions;
    • b To form the possessive;
    • c To form the possessive of nouns ending in s;
    • d Not used with personal possessive pronouns;
    • e To form the plural of certain signs and letters
  • 98. The Question Mark:
    • a After a direct question;
    • b Not followed by a comma within a sentence;
    • c In parentheses to express uncertainty;
    • d Not used to label irony;
    • e The Exclamation Point
  • 99. Exercise
  • 100.
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    TO THE STUDENT