Who first saw bacteria
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF BACTERIOLOGY
CHARLES BRADFIELD MORREY, B.A., M.D.
PROFESSOR OF BACTERIOLOGY AND HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS, OHIO
Second Edition, thoroughly Revised
PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK
1921
LEA & FEBIGER
1921
GRACE HAMILTON MORREY
AMERICAN PIANIST
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The first edition seems to have fulfilled a need for a general text-book on the subject of bacteriology. The original method of presentation is preserved. The text-book idea is adhered to, so that the individual instructor may have full liberty to expand on topics in which he is especially interested. A number of illustrations have been added, the text has been improved in many instances by the addition of further explanatory matter and the most recent general advances in the Science. Examples are the System of Classification of the Society of American Bacteriologists, which is used throughout the text, their Key to the Genera of Bacteria, a discussion of the H-ion concentration method of standardization, the selective action of anilin dyes, the mechanism of entrance of pathogenic organisms into the body, a more detailed explanation of the origin of antibodies, the nature of antigens and a table of antigens and antibodies.
Professor Vera McCoy Masters has assisted in the revision by aiding in the preparation of manuscript and the reading of proof and in the making of the index, for which services the author’s thanks are hereby expressed.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
An experience of nearly twenty years in the teaching of Bacteriology has convinced the author that students of this subject need a comprehensive grasp of the entire field and special training in fundamental technic before specializing in any particular line of work. Courses at the University are arranged on this basis. One semester is devoted to General Bacteriology. During the second semester the student has a choice of special work in Pathogenic, Dairy, Soil, Water, or Chemical Bacteriology. A second year may be devoted to advanced work in any of the above lines, to Immunity and Serum Therapy, or to Pathogenic Protozoa.
This text-book is intended to cover the first or introductory semester’s work, and requires two classroom periods per week. Each student is compelled to take two laboratory periods of three hours per week along with the class work. The outline of the laboratory work is given at the end of the text. Results attained seem to justify this plan. A text-book is but one of many pedagogical mechanisms and is not intended to be an encyclopedia of the subject.
The author makes no claim to originality of content, since the facts presented are well known to every bacteriologist, though the method of presentation is somewhat different from texts in general. During the preparation of this work he has made a thorough review of the literature of Bacteriology, covering the standard text-books as well as works of reference and the
No attempt has been made to give detailed references in a work of this character.
The photomicrographs are original except where otherwise indicated and are all of a magnification of one thousand diameters where no statement to the contrary appears. These photographs were made with a Bausch & Lomb Projection Microscope fitted with a home-made camera box. Direct current arc light was used and exposures were five to ten seconds. Photographs of cultures are also original with a few indicated exceptions. All temperatures are indicated in degrees centigrade.
For use of electrotypes or for prints furnished the author is indebted to the following: A. P. Barber Creamery Supply Company, Chicago, Ill.; Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, N. Y.; Creamery Package Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Ill.; Davis Milk Machinery Company, North Chicago, Ill.; Mr. C. B. Hoover, Superintendent of Sewage Disposal Plant, Columbus, O.; Mr. C. P. Hoover, Superintendent of Water Filtration Plant, Columbus, O.; The Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, O.; Loew Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, O.; Metric Metal Works, Erie, Pa.; Sprague Canning Machine Company, Chicago, Ill.; U. S. Marine Hospital Service; Wallace and Tiernan Company, New York City, N. Y.
For the preparation of many cultures and slides, for great assistance in the reading of proof and in the preparation of the index, Miss Vera M. McCoy, Instructor in Bacteriology, deserves the author’s thanks.
The author trusts that the book will find a place in College and University courses in Bacteriology.
CONTENTS
Historical Introduction—Spontaneous Generation—Causation of Disease—Putrefaction and Fermentation—Study of Forms—Chronological Table 17 CHAPTER I. Position of Bacteria—Relationships to Algæ—Yeasts—Molds—Protozoa 37 PART I.MORPHOLOGY. CHAPTER II. Cell Structures—Cell Wall—Protoplasm—Plasmolysis—Plasmoptysis—Nucleus—Vacuoles—Capsules—Metachromatic Granules—Flagella—Spores 41 CHAPTER III. Cell Forms—Coccus—Bacillus—Spirillum—Involution Forms 52
PHYSIOLOGY. CHAPTER VI. Occurrence—General Conditions for Growth—Moisture—Temperature—Light—Oxygen—Osmotic Pressure—Electricity—X-rays and Radium Emanations—Pressure—Mechanical Vibration 71 CHAPTER VII. Chemical Environment—Reaction of Medium—Chemical Composition 81 CHAPTER VIII. Chemical Environment (Continued)—General Food Relationships—Metabolism of Elements 86 CHAPTER IX. Physiological Activities—Fermentation of Carbohydrates—Splitting of Fats 93 CHAPTER X. Physiological Activities (Continued)—Putrefaction of Proteins—Cycles of Nitrogen, Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus 102 CHAPTER XI. Physiological Activities (Continued)—Production of Acids, Gases, Esters, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Aromatic
THE STUDY OF BACTERIA. CHAPTER XVI. Culture Media—Broth, Milk, Gelatin, Agar, Potatoes, Blood Serum—Standardization of Media—H-ion Concentration Method—Synthetic Media 171 CHAPTER XVII. Methods of Using Culture Media—Culture Tubes—Plates—Anaërobic Cultures—Vignal Tubes—Fermentation Tubes—Deep Culture Tubes—Novy Jars—Inoculation of Culture Media 184 CHAPTER XVIII. Isolation of Bacteria
GENERAL PATHOGENIC BACTERIOLOGY. CHAPTER XXII. Introduction—Infection—Acute Infection—Chronic Infection—Specific—Non-specific—Koch’s Postulates—Virulence—Susceptibility 231 CHAPTER XXIII. Pathogenic Bacteria Outside the Body—As Saprophytes—As Facultative Saprophytes—Latent—Carriers—Universal Carriers—Accidental Carriers—Necessary Intermediate Hosts 237 CHAPTER XXIV. Channels of Infection—Skin—Mucosæ—Respiratory Tract—Alimentary Tract—Mechanism of Entrance of Organisms—Dissemination in the Body—Paths of Elimination—Specificity of Location