The History of "Punch"

BY

M. H. SPIELMANN

With Numerous Illustrations

CASSELL and COMPANY, Limited
LONDON, PARIS, & MELBOURNE
1895

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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PREFACE.

The prevailing idea of the origin and history of Punch has hitherto rested mainly on three productions: the "Memories" of George Hodder, "Mr. Punch's Origin and Career," and Mr. Joseph Hatton's delightful but fragmentary papers, entitled "The True Story of Punch." So far as the last-named is based upon the others, it is untrustworthy in its details; but the statements founded on the writer's own knowledge and on the documentary matter in his hands, as well as upon his intimacy with Mark Lemon, possess a distinct and individual value, and I have not failed to avail myself in the following pages of Mr. Hatton's courteous permission to make such use of them as might be desirable.

During the four years in which I have been engaged upon this book, my correspondents have been numbered by hundreds. Hardly a man living whom I suspected of having worked for Punch, but I have communicated with him; scarce one but has afforded all the information within his knowledge in response to my application. Editor and members of the Punch Staff, past and present—"outsiders," equally with those belonging to "the Table"—the relations and friends of such as are dead, all have given their help, and have shown an interest in the work which I hope the result may be thought to justify. All this mass of material—all the evidence, published and unpublished, that was adduced in order to establish certain points and refute others—had to be carefully sifted and collated, contrary testimony weighed, and the truth determined. Especially was this the case in dealing with the valuable reminiscences imparted by Punch's earliest collaborators, still or till lately living. Of undoubted contributors and their work, it may be stated, more than two hundred and fifty are here dealt with. A further number cheerfully submitted to cross-examination on one or other of the many subjects touched upon; and probably as many more were approached with only negative results.

My special thanks are due to Mrs. Chaplin, the daughter of the late Mr. Ebenezer Landells, who unreservedly placed in my hands all the Punch documents, legal and otherwise, accounts, and letters, concerning the origin and early editorships of Punch, which have been preserved in the family; and to Messrs. Bradbury and Agnew, who have supplemented these with similar assistance, as well as with books of the Firm establishing points of literary interest not hitherto suspected, together with the letters of Thackeray which illustrate his early connection with and final secession from the Staff. Apart from their general interest, these documents, taken together, establish the facts of such very vexed questions as the origin and the early editorships of Punch. This is the more satisfactory, perhaps, by reason of the numerous unfounded claims—or founded chiefly on family tradition or filial pride and affection—which are still being made on behalf of supposed originators of the Paper. Even these partisan historians, it is believed, will hardly be able to resist the proofs here set forth; although attested fact does not, with them, necessarily carry conviction. For such services, and for their ready and sympathetic acquiescence in the requests I have made for permission to quote text or reproduce engraving, my hearty thanks to Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew and Co. are due. To them and to all my numerous correspondents I here repeat the assurance of gratitude for their courtesy which I have privately expressed before.

I have reproduced no more pictures from Punch than were rendered necessary by the topics under discussion. I would rather send the reader, for Punch's pictures, to the ever-fresh pages of Punch itself. Nor, I may add, did I seek information and assistance from its Proprietors until this book was well advanced, preferring to make independent research and to test statements on my own account.

My primary inducement to the writing of this book has been the interest surrounding Punch, the study of which has not begotten in me the hero-worship that can see no fault. How far I have succeeded, it rests with the readers of this volume to decide.

September, 1895.

M. H. Spielmann.

CONTENTS.

Oyster"—Baylis as a Prophet—"Two Pins Club" 53 CHAPTER IV. PUNCH AS A POLITICIAN. Punch's Attitude—His Whiggery—And Sincerity—Catholics and Jews—Home Rule—European Politics—Prince Napoleon—Punch's Mistakes—His Campaign against Sir James Graham—His Relations with Foreign Powers—And Comprehensive Survey of Affairs 99 CHAPTER V. "CHARIVARIETIES." Punch's Influence on Dress and Fashion—His Records—As a Prophet—As an Artist—As an Actor and Dramatist—Benefit Performances—Guild of Literature and Art 122 CHAPTER VI. PUNCH'S JOKES—THEIR ORIGIN, PEDIGREE, AND APPROPRIATION. "The Unknown Man"—Jokes from Scotland—"Bang went Saxpence"—"Advice to Persons about to Marry"—Claimants and True Authorship—Origin of some of Punch's Jokes and Pictures—Contributors of Witty Things—A Grim Coincidence—"I Used Your Soap Two Years Ago"—Charles Keene Offended—The Serjeant-at-Arms and Mr. Furniss's Beetle—Mr. Birket Foster and Mr. Andrew Tuer—Plagiarism and Repetition—The Seamy Side of Joke-editing—Punch Invokes the Law—Rape of Mrs. Caudle—Sturm und Drang— Plagiarism or Coincidence?—Anticipations of the "Puppet-Show" and "The Arrow"—Of Joe Miller—And Others—Punch-baiting—Impossibility of Joke-identification—Repetitions and Improvements 138 CHAPTER VII. CARTOONS—CARTOONISTS AND THEIR WORK. The Cartoon takes Shape—"The Parish Councils Cockatoo"—Cartoonists and their Relative Achievements—John Leech's First—Rapidity in Design—"General Février turned Traitor"—"The United Service"—Sir John Tenniel's Animal Types—"The British Lion Smells a Rat"—The Indian Mutiny—A Cartoon of Vengeance—Punch and Cousin Jonathan—"Ave Cæsar!"—The Franco-Prussian War—The Russo-Turkish War—"The Political 'Mrs. Gummidge'"—"Dropping the Pilot," its Origin and Present Ownership—"Forlorn Hope"—"The Old Crusaders"—Troubles of the Cartoonist—The Obituary Cartoon 168 CHAPTER VIII. CARTOONS AND THEIR EFFECT. Origin and Growth of the Cartoon—And of its Name—Its Reflection of Popular Opinion—Source of Punch's Power—Punch's Downrightness offends France—Germany—And Russia—Lord Augustus Loftus's Fix—Lord John Russell and "No Popery"—Mr. Gladstone and Professor Ruskin on Punch's Cartoons—Their Effect on Mr. Disraeli—His Advances and Magnanimity—Rough Handling of Lord Brougham—Sir Robert Peel—Lord Palmerston's Straw—Mr. Bright's Eye-glass—Difficulties of Portraiture—John Bull alias Mark Lemon—Sir John Tenniel's Types 185 CHAPTER IX. PUNCH ON THE WAR-PATH: ATTACK. Punch lays about Him—Assaults the "Morning Post"—The Factitious "Jenkins"—Thackeray's Farewell—Mrs. Gamp (the "Morning Herald") and Mrs. Harris (the "Standard")—Lèse Majesté!—The "Standard" Fulminates a Leader—The Retort—His Loyalty—Banters the Prince Consort—Tribute on the Prince's Death—Punch's Butts: Lord William Lennox—Jullien—Sir Peter Laurie—Harrison Ainsworth—Lytton—Turner—A Fallacy of Hope—Burne-Jones—Charles Kean—S. C. Hall as "Pecksniff"—James Silk Buckingham and the "British and Foreign Destitute"—Alfred Bunn—Punch's Waterloo: "A Word with Punch"—Bunn, Hot and Cross—A Second "Word" Prepared, but never Uttered—Other Points of Attack 209 CHAPTER X. PUNCH ON THE WAR-PATH: COUNTER-ATTACK. Satire and Libel—Mrs. Ramsbotham Assaulted—Attacks of "The Man in the Moon" and "The Puppet-Show"—H. S. Leigh's Banter—Malicious Wit—Mr. Pincott—Punch's Purity gives Offence—His Slips of Fact—Quotation—And Dialect are Resented—His Drunkards not Appreciated by the U. K. A.—"Punch is not as good as it was!" 234 CHAPTER XI. ENGRAVING AND PRINTING. Mr. Joseph Swain supersedes Ebenezer Landells—His Education as Engraver—Head of His Department—Engraving the Big Cut: Then and Now—Printing from the Wood-blocks—Leech's Fastidiousness—Impracticability of Keene—Thackeray's Little Confidence—A Record of Half a Century 247 CHAPTER XII. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1841. Mark Lemon—As Others Saw Him—His Duties—His Industry—His Staff and their Apportioned Work—Lemon as an Editor—And Diplomatist—A Testimonial—And a Practical Joke—Henry Mayhew—His Great Powers and Little Weaknesses—Disappointment and Retirement—Stirling Coyne—Gilbert Abbott à Beckett—His Early Career—Tremendous Industry—À Beckett and Robert Seymour—Appointed Magistrate—Locked in—Agnus B. Reach 254 CHAPTER XIII. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1841. H. P. Grattan—W. H. Wills—R. B. Postans—Bread-Tax and Tooth-Tax—G. Hodder—G. H. B. Rodwell—Douglas Jerrold—His Caustic Wit—The "Q Papers"—A Statesman pour rire—His Sympathy with the Poor and Oppressed—Wins for Punch his Political Influence—Ill-health—"Punch's Letters"—The "Jenkins" and "Pecksniff" Papers—"Mrs. Caudle"—Jerrold's Love of Children, common to the Staff—He Silences his Fellow-wits—And is Routed

by a Barmaid—He sends his Love to the Staff—And they prove theirs 282 CHAPTER XIV. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1841-2. Percival Leigh—His Medical Shrewdness—Unsuspected Wealth—His Ability and Work—His Decay—Kindness of the Proprietors to the Old Pensioner—Albert Smith—Inspires varied Sentiments—Jerrold's Hostility—"Lord Smith"—Parts Company—H. A. Kennedy—Dr. Maginn—John Oxenford—W. M. Thackeray—His First Contribution—"Miss Tickletoby" Fails to Please—He Withdraws—And Resumes—Rivalry with Jerrold—As an Illustrator—A Mysterious Picture—Thackeray's Contributions—And Pseudonyms—-Quaint Orthography—"The Snobs of England"—He Tires of Punch— His Motives for Resignation—The Letter—Death of "Dear Old Thack"—Punch's Tribute to his Memory 299 CHAPTER XV. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1843-51. Horace Mayhew—"The Wicked Old Marquis"—A Birthday Ode—R. B. Peake—Thomas Hood—"The Song of the Shirt"—Its Origin—Its Effect in the Country—Its Authorship Claimed by Others—Translated throughout Europe—A Missing Verse—Hood Compared with Jerrold—"Reflections on New Year's Day"—Dr. E. V. Kenealy—J. W. Ferguson—Charles Lever—Laman Blanchard—Tom Taylor—Passed over by Shirley Brooks—Taylor's Critics—Mr. Coventry Patmore—"Jacob Omnium"—Tennyson v. Bulwer Lytton—Horace Smith—"Rob Roy" Macgregor—Mr. Henry Silver—Introduces Charles Keene—His Literary Work—Service to Leech—Retirement—Mr. Sutherland Edwards—Charles Dickens and Punch—Sothern Earns his Dinner—Reconciliation of Dickens and Mark Lemon—J. L. Hannay—Cuthbert Bede 327 CHAPTER XVI. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1852-78. Shirley Brooks—His Wit and Humour—Training—Lays Siege to Punch—And Carries him by Assault—"Essence of Parliament"—William Brough—Mr. Beatty Kingston—F. I. Scudamore—M. J. Barry—Dean Hole—Mr. Charles L. Eastlake—Mr. Francis Cowley Burnand—His Little Joke with Cardinal Manning—"Fun"—"Mokeanna"—Its Success—Thackeray's Congratulations to Punch—"Happy Thoughts"—And Other Happy Thoughts—Mr. Burnand as a Ground-Swell—Promoted to the Editorship—The Apotheosis of the Pun—Mr. J. Priestman Atkinson—Mr. John Hollingshead—Mr. R. F. Sketchley—"Artemus Ward"—A Death-bed Ambition—H. Savile Clarke—Locker-Lampson and C. S. Calverley—Miss Betham-Edwards—Mr. du Maurier's "Vers Nonsensiques"—Mr. A. P. Graves—Rev. Stainton Moses—Mr. Arthur W. à Beckett—"A. Briefless, Junior"—Mortimer Collins—Mr. E. J. Milliken—"The 'Arry Papers"—Gilbert à Beckett—"How we Advertise Now"—Mr. H. F. Lester—Mr. Burnand and the Corporal 356 CHAPTER XVII. PUNCH'S WRITERS: 1880-94. "Robert"—Mr. Deputy Bedford—Mr. Ashby-Sterry—Reginald Shirley Brooks—Mr. George Augustus Sala—Mr. Clement Scott—The "Times" Approves—Mr. H. W. Lucy—"Toby, M.P."—Martin Tupper and Edmund Yates—Mr. George Grossmith—Mr. Weedon Grossmith—Mr. Andrew Lang's "Confessions of a Duffer"—Miss May Kendall—Miss Burnand—Lady Humorists—Mr. Brandon Thomas and Mr. Gladstone—Mr. Warham St. Leger—Mr. Anstey—"Modern Music-hall Songs"—"Voces Populi"—Mr. R. C. Lehmann—Mr. Barry Pain—Mr. H. P. Stephens—Mr. Charles Geake—Mr. Gerald Campbell—R. F. Murray—Mr. George Davis—Mr. Arthur A. Sykes—Rev. A. C. Deane—Mr. Owen Seaman—Lady Campbell—Mr. James Payn—Mr. H. D. Traill—Mr. A. Armitage—Mr. Hosack—"Arthur Sketchley"—Henry J. Byron—Punch's Literature Considered 385 CHAPTER XVIII. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1841. Punch's Primitive Art—A. S. Henning—Brine—A Strange Doctrine—John Phillips—W. Newman—Pictorial Puns—H. G. Hine—John Leech—His Early Life—Friendship with Albert Smith—Leech Helps Punch up the Social Ladder—His Political Work—Leech Follows the "Movements"—"Servantgalism"—"The Brook Green Volunteer"—The Great Beard Movement—Sothern's Indebtedness to Leech for Lord Dundreary—Crazes and Fancies—Leech's Types—"Mr. Briggs"—Leech the Hunter—Leech as a Reformer—Leech as an Artist—His "Legend" Writing—His Prejudices—His Death—And Funeral 409 CHAPTER XIX. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1841-50. William Harvey—Mr. Birket Foster—Kenny Meadows—His Joviality—Alfred "Crowquill"—Sir John Gilbert—Exit "Rubens"—Hablôt Knight Browne ("Phiz")—Henry Heath—Mr. R. J. Hamerton—W. Brown—Richard Doyle—Desires Pseudonymity—His Protest against Punch's "Papal Aggression" Campaign—Withdraws—His Art—Epitaph by Punch—Henry Doyle—T. Onwhyn—"Rob Roy" Macgregor—William McConnell—Sir John Tenniel—His Career—And Technique—His Early Work—Cartoons—His Art—His Memory and its Lapses—"Jackīdēs"—Knighthood 444 CHAPTER XX. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1850-60. Captain Howard—Receipt for Landscape Drawing—Earnings, Real and Ideal—George H. Thomas—Charles Keene—His Training—Introduction to Punch—Called to the Table—Uselessness in Council—A Strong Politician—Inherits Leech's Position—Keene as an Artist—Where He Failed—His Joke-Primers—Torturing the Bagpipes—Good Stories, Used, Spoiled, and Rejected—"Toby" as a Dachshund—Death of "Frau"—Keene's Technique—His Inventions and Creations—And what He Earned by Them—Charles Martin—Harry Hall—Rev. Edward Bradley ("Cuthbert Bede")—"Verdant Green" or "Blanco White"?—Double Acrostics—George Cruikshank Defies Punch—Mr. T. Harrington Wilson—Mr. Harrison Weir—Mr. Ashby-Sterry—Alfred Thompson—Frank Bellew—Julian Portch—"Cham"—G. H. Haydon—J. M. Lawless 475 CHAPTER XXI. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1860-67.

Mr. G. du Maurier's First Drawing—The "Romantic Tenor"—Polite Satire—His Types and Creations—His Pretty Women—And Fair American—"Chang," "Don," and "Punch"—Mr. du Maurier as a Punch Writer—Mr. Gordon Thompson—Mr. Stacy Marks, R.A.—Paul Gray—Sir John Millais, Bart., R.A.—Mr. Fred Barnard—First Joke Refused as "Painful"—Mr. R. T. Pritchett—Initiation by Sir John Tenniel—Fritz Eltze—His Amiable Jocularity—Mr. A. R. Fairfield—Colonel Seccombe—Fred Walker, A.R.A.—Mr. J. Priestman Atkinson ("Dumb Crambo")—C. H. Bennett—Mr. W. S. Gilbert ("Bab")—His Classic Joke—G. B. Goddard—Miss Georgina Bowers—Mr. Walter Crane 503 CHAPTER XXII. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1867-82. Mr. Linley Sambourne—His Work—His Photographs—And Enterprise—Strasynski—Mr. Wilfrid Lawson—Mr. E. J. Ellis—Mr. Ernest Griset—Mr. A. Chasemore—Mr. Walter Browne—Mr. Briton Riviere, R.A.—An Undergraduate Humorist—A Punch Initial Converted into an Academy Picture—Mrs.—Jopling Rowe—Mr. Wallis Mackay—Mr. J. Sands—Mr. W. Ralston—Mr. A. Chantrey Corbould—Charles Keene's Advice—Randolph Caldecott—Major-General Robley—R. B. Wallace—Colonel Ward Bennitt—Mr. Montagu Blatchford—Mr. Harry Furniss—Origin of Mr. Gladstone's Collars—A Favourite Ruse—How It's Done—Mr. Furniss and the Irish Members—The Lobby Incident—Clever Retaliation—Mr. Furniss's Withdrawal—Mr. Lillie—Mr. Storey, A.R.A.—Mr. Alfred Bryan. 531 CHAPTER XXIII. PUNCH'S ARTISTS: 1882-95. Mr. William Padgett—Mr. E. M. Cox—Mr. J. P. Mellor—Sir F. Leighton, Bart., P.R.A.—Mr. G. H. Jalland—Monsieur Darré—Mr. E. T. Reed—His Original Humour—"Contrasts" and "Prehistoric Peeps"—Approved by Sports Committees and School Classes—Mr. Maud—A Useful Drain—Mr. Bernard Partridge—Fine Qualities of his Art—Mr. Everard Hopkins—Mr. Reginald Cleaver—Mr. W. J. Hodgson—Excites the Countryside—Miss Sambourne—Sir Frank Lockwood, Q.C., M.P.—Mr. Arthur Hopkins—Mr. J. F. Sullivan—Mr. J. A. Shepherd—Mr. A. S. Boyd—Mr. Phil May—A Test of Drunkenness—Mr. Stafford—"Caran d'Ache"—Conclusion 558 Appendix. 573 Index. 581

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">46 Sixth Cover. First Design. By Richard Doyle 47 Sixth Cover. Second Design. By Richard Doyle 48 The First Punch Table: "Crown Inn" 57 The Present Punch Table: Bouverie Street 59 Twenty-six Initials Carved upon the Table 60-75 The Dinner Card 69 "Peel's Dirty Boy": Leech's First Sketch 112 "Peel's Dirty Boy": The Cartoon 113 The Anti-Graham Envelope 115 Punch's Anti-Graham Wafers 117 The Draughtsman's Revenge 127 Bennett's Benefit—The Cast 133 Playbill of the Guild of Literature and Art 137 Musical: First Sketch. By Henry Walker 148 Musical: Drawing. By G. du Maurier 149 The Political "Pas de Quatre." By A. S. Henning 154 The Political "Pas de Quatre." By J. Leech 155 General Février. By J. Leech 175 The "Pas de Deux:" Original Drawing. By Sir John Tenniel 178 "The Political Mrs. Gummidge." By Sir John Tenniel 181 Portraits of Beaconsfield. Re-drawn by Harry Furniss 201 "The Mrs. Caudle of the House of Lords:" Original Sketch. By J. Leech 203 Portraits of Gladstone. Re-drawn by Harry Furniss 207 Maternal Solicitude. By J. Leech 212 "A Word with Punch" 229 Joseph Swain 247 Mark Lemon 254 "Mr. Punch's Fancy Ball" 261 Portraits of Punch Staff 262 Lemon's Presentation Inkstand 264 Henry Mayhew 268 J. Stirling Coyne 271 Gilbert Abbott à Beckett

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">272 Douglas Jerrold 284 Albert Smith 303 John Oxenford 308 W. M. Thackeray 309 Thackeray and Jerrold ("Authors' Miseries") 312 Thackeray's Presentation Inkstand 321 Thackeray at Work. By E. M. Ward, R.A. 325 Horace Mayhew 327 Thomas Hood 330 Tom Taylor 338 Leech, Tom Taylor, and part of Horace Mayhew. By R. Doyle 339 Henry Silver 347 Dickens' Sole (and Rejected) Contribution 350 J. Hannay 354 Shirley Brooks 356 F. C. Burnand 363 R. F. Sketchley 369 "Artemus Ward" 370 H. Savile Clarke 371 Arthur W. à Beckett 375 E. J. Milliken 378 Gilbert à Beckett 381 Punch's Family Trees 382 John T. Bedford 385 J. Ashby-Sterry 386 H. W. Lucy 390 F. Anstey 396 R. C. Lehmann 401 A. S. Henning 411 H. G. Hine 414 Punch's Seal. By H. G. Hine 415 John Leech. By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., R.A. 418 "How long have you been gay?" By J. Leech 428 "Leech's 'Pretty Girl'": A Skit. By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., R.A. 431 Leech's House in Kensington. By J. Fulleylove, R. I.

align="right">438 The Historical Ash-tree in Leech's Garden. By J. Fulleylove, R. I. 439 "Two Roses": Sketch by John Leech 440 A Page from Leech's Sketch-Book: My Lord Brougham 441 Kenny Meadows 447 Alfred "Crowquill" 450 Hablôt K. Browne ("Phiz") 451 R. J. Hamerton 453 W. McConnell 461 Sir J. Tenniel. By Himself 462 Sketch for the Pocket-Book, "Arthur and Guinevere." By Sir John Tenniel 464 Sketch for the Cartoon "Will it Burst?" By Sir John Tenniel 465 Sketch for the Pocket-Book: "Thor." By Sir John Tenniel 468 Sketch for the Cartoon "Humpty-Dumpty." By Sir John Tenniel 469 Captain H. R. Howard 475 Charles S. Keene. By J. D. Watson 478 Keene torturing the Bagpipes. By Himself 485 From Keene to his Editor 486 "Frau," alias "Toby"—Keene's last Drawing 488 "Cuthbert Bede" 492 T. Harrington Wilson. By T. Walter Wilson 497 George du Maurier 503 "My Pretty Woman." By G. du Maurier 508 Pencil Study. By G. du Maurier 509 "Chang." By G. du Maurier 514 "Don." By G. du Maurier 515 Pencil Study. By G. du Maurier 516 Pencil Study. By G. du Maurier 517 Fred Barnard. A Libel on Himself 518 R. T. Pritchett 520 J. Priestman Atkinson 524 In a Hansom with Mark Lemon. By J. Priestman Atkinson 524 C. H. Bennett. By Himself 526 Mrs. Bowers-Edwards (Miss G. Bowers)

class="c2 pginternal" href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@23881@[email protected]#Page_529" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">529 Linley Sambourne. By Himself 531 Ernest Griset 538 Mr. Griset introduces himself to Mark Lemon 538 J. Moyr Smith 541 J. Sands 542 W. Ralston 543 A. Chantrey Corbould 544 M. Blatchford 548 E. J. Wheeler 549 Harry Furniss 549 Punch as the Bishop of Lincoln. By Harry Furniss 550 Mr. Gladstone Collared. By Harry Furniss 552 Two Friends. By Harry Furniss 554 "A Happy Release:" A Rejected Trifle. By C. J. Lillie 556 E. T. Reed. By Himself 560 J. Bernard Partridge. By Himself 564 Phil May at Work. By Himself 568 Phil May as Punch. By Himself 570 The Punch Staff at Table, 1895 571 "Finale." By Linley Sambourne 572 Index. Original Sketch. By Charles Keene. 581

The engravings here borrowed from Punch are reproduced (in all cases in smaller sizes) by special permission of the Proprietors, Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co. The Portrait of Charles Keene by J. D. Watson, and of Himself with the Bagpipes, were first published in Black and White, through whose courtesy they appear here. To all who have accorded the various permissions for reproductions, or who have lent drawings for the better illustration of this volume, the acknowledgments of the writer are gratefully recorded. The Copyright of the illustrations is in every case strictly reserved.

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