THE LETTERS OF
WILLIAM JAMES
EDITED BY HIS SON
HENRY JAMES
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY PRESS
BOSTON
Copyright, 1920, by
HENRY JAMES
To my Mother,
gallant and devoted ally
of my Father's most arduous
and happy years,
this collection of his letters
is dedicated.
PREFACE
WHETHER William James was compressing his correspondence into brief messages, or allowing it to expand into copious letters, he could not write a page that was not free, animated, and characteristic. Many of his correspondents preserved his letters, and examination of them soon showed that it would be possible to make a selection which should not only contain certain letters that clearly deserved to be published because of their readable quality alone, but should also include letters that were biographical in the best sense. For in the case of a man like James the biographical question to be answered is not, as with a man of affairs: How can his actions be explained? but rather: What manner of being was he? What were his background and education? and, above all, What were his temperament and the bias of his mind? What native instincts, preferences, and limitations of view did he bring with him to his business of reading the riddle of the Universe? His own informal utterances throw the strongest light on such questions.
In these volumes I have attempted to make such a selection. The task has been simplified by the nature of the material, in which the most interesting letters were often found, naturally enough, to include the most vivid elements of which a picture could be composed. I have added such notes as seemed necessary in the interest of clearness; but I have tried to leave the reader to his own conclusions. The work was begun in 1913, but had to be laid aside; and I should regret the delay in completing it even more than I do if it were not that very interesting letters have come to light during the last three years.
James was a great reader of biographies himself, and pointed again and again to the folly of judging a man's ideas by minute logical and textual examinations, without apprehending his mental attitude sympathetically. He was well aware that every man's philosophy is biased by his feelings, and is not due to purely rational processes. He was quite incapable himself of the cool kind of abstraction that comes from indifference about the issue. Life spoke to him in even more ways than to most men, and he responded to its superabundant confusion with passion and insatiable curiosity. His spiritual development was a matter of intense personal experience.
So students of his books may even find that this collection of informal and intimate utterances helps them to understand James as a philosopher and psychologist.
I have not included letters that are wholly technical or polemic. Such documents belong in a study of James's philosophy, or in a history of its origin and influence. However interesting they might be to certain readers, their appropriate place is not here.
A good deal of biographical information about William James, his brother Henry, and their father has already been given to the public; but unfortunately it is scattered, and much of it is cast in a form which calls for interpretation or amendment. The elder Henry James left an autobiographical fragment which was published in a volume of his "Literary Remains," but it was composed purely as a religious record. He wrote it in the third person, as if it were the life of one "Stephen Dewhurst," and did not try to give a circumstantial report of his youth or ancestry. Later, his son Henry wrote two volumes of early reminiscences in his turn. In "A Small Boy and Others" and "Notes of a Son and Brother" he reproduced the atmosphere of a household of which he was the last survivor, and adumbrated the figures of Henry James, Senior, and of certain other members of his family with infinite subtlety at every turn of the page. But he too wrote without much attention to particular facts or the sequence of events, and his two volumes were incomplete and occasionally inaccurate with respect to such details.
Accordingly I have thought it advisable to restate parts of the family record, even though the restatement involves some repetition.
Finally, I should explain that the letters have been reproduced verbatim, though not literatim, except for superscriptions, which have often been simplified. As respects spelling and punctuation, the manuscripts are not consistent. James wrote rapidly, used abbreviations, occasionally "simplified" his spelling, and was inclined to use capital letters only for emphasis. Thus he often followed the French custom of writing adjectives derived from proper names with small letters—e.g. french literature, european affairs. But when he wrote for publication he was too considerate of his reader's attention to distract it with such petty irregularities; therefore unimportant peculiarities of orthography have generally not been reproduced in this book. On the other hand, the phraseology of the manuscripts, even where grammatically incomplete, has been kept. Verbal changes have not been made except where it was clear that there had been a slip of the pen, and clear what had been intended. It is obvious that rhetorical laxities are to be expected in letters written as these were. No editor who has attempted to "improve away" such defects has ever deserved to be thanked.
Acknowledgments are due, first of all, to the correspondents who have generously supplied letters. Several who were most generous and to whom I am most indebted have, alas! passed beyond the reach of thanks. I wish particularly to record my gratitude here to correspondents too numerous to be named who have furnished letters that are not included. Such material, though omitted from the book, has been informing and helpful to the Editor. One example may be cited—the copious correspondence with Mrs. James which covers the period of every briefest separation; but extracts from this have been used only when other letters failed. From Dr. Dickinson S. Miller, from Professor R. B. Perry, from my mother, from my brother William, and from my wife, all of whom have seen the material at different stages of its preparation, I have received many helpful suggestions, and I gratefully acknowledge my special debt to them. President Eliot, Dr. Miller, and Professor G. H. Palmer were, each, so kind as to send me memoranda of their impressions and recollections. I have embodied parts of the memoranda of the first two in my notes; and have quoted from Professor Palmer's minute—about to appear in the "Harvard Graduates' Magazine." For all information about William James's Barber ancestry I am indebted to the genealogical investigations of Mrs. Russell Hastings. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. George B. Ives, who has prepared the topical index.
Finally, I shall be grateful to anyone who will, at any time, advise me of the whereabouts of any letters which I have not already had an opportunity to examine.
H. J.
August, 1920.
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTIONPersonal Traits. II. 1861-1864 31-52 Chemistry and Comparative Anatomy in the Lawrence Scientific School. LETTERS:— To his Family 33 To Miss Katharine Temple (Mrs. Richard Emmet) 37 To his Family 40 To Katharine James Prince 43 To his Mother 45 To his Sister 49 III. 1864-1866 53-70 The Harvard Medical School—With Louis Agassiz to the Amazon. LETTERS:— To his Mother 56 To his Parents 57 To his Father 60 To his Father 64 To his Parents 67 IV. 1866-1867 71-83 Medical Studies at Harvard. LETTERS:— To Thomas W. Ward 73 To Thomas W. Ward 76 To his Sister 79 To O. W. Holmes, Jr. 82 V. 1867-1868 84-139 Eighteen Months in Germany. LETTERS:— To his Parents 86 To his Mother 92 To his Father 95 To O. W. Holmes, Jr. 98 To Henry James 103 To his Sister 108 To his Sister 115 To Thomas W. Ward 118 To Thomas W. Ward 119 To Henry P. Bowditch
Colleagues—Death of his Parents. LETTERS:— To Francis J. Child 196 To Miss Frances R. Morse 197 To Mrs. James
Research—The Place at Chocorua—The Irving
Street House—The Paris Psychological Congress of 1889. LETTERS:— To Charles Renouvier 229 To Henry L. Higginson 233 To Henry P. Bowditch 234 To Thomas Davidson 235 To G. H. Howison 237 To E. L. Godkin 240 To E. L. Godkin 240 To Shadworth H. Hodgson 241 To Henry James 242 To Shadworth H. Hodgson 243 To Carl Stumpf 247 To Henry James 250 To W. D. Howells 253 To G. Croom Robertson 254 To Shadworth H. Hodgson 256 To his Sister 259 To Carl Stumpf 262 To Henry P. Bowditch 267 To Henry James 267 To his Sister 269 To Henry James 273 To Charles Waldstein
Sabbatical Year in Europe. LETTERS:— To Mrs. Henry Whitman 303 To G. H. Howison 304 To F. W. H. Myers 305 To W. D. Howells 307 To W. D. Howells 307 To Mrs. Henry Whitman 308 To his Sister 309 To Hugo Münsterberg 312 To Henry Holt 314 To Henry James 314 To Miss Grace Ashburner 315 To Henry James 317 To Miss Mary Tappan 319 To Miss Grace Ashburner 320 To Theodore Flournoy
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
William James Frontispiece Henry James, Sr., and his Wife 8 William James at eighteen 20 Pencil Sketch: A Sleeping Dog 52 Pencil Sketch from a Pocket Note-Book: A Turtle 66 Pencil Sketch: Retreating Figure of a Man 83 William James at twenty-five 86 Pencil Sketches from a Pocket Note-Book 108 Pencil Sketch: An Elephant 139 Francis James Child 291DATES AND FAMILY NAMES
1842. January 11. Born in New York. 1857-58. At School in Boulogne. 1859-60. In Geneva. 1860-61. Studied painting under William M. Hunt in Newport. 1861. Entered the Lawrence Scientific School. 1863. Entered the Harvard Medical School. 1865-66. Assistant under Louis Agassiz on the Amazon. 1867-68. Studied medicine in Germany. 1869. M.D. Harvard. 1873-76. Instructor in Anatomy and Physiology in Harvard College. 1875. Began to give instruction in Psychology. 1876. Assistant Professor of Physiology. 1878. Married. Undertook to write a treatise on Psychology. 1880. Assistant Professor of Philosophy. 1882-83. Spent several months visiting European universities and colleagues. 1885. Professor of Philosophy. (Between 1889 and 1897 his title was Professor of Psychology.) 1890. "Principles of Psychology" appeared. 1892-93. European travel. 1897. Published "The Will to Believe and other Essays on Popular Philosophy." 1899. Published "Talks to Teachers," etc. 1899-1902. Broke down in health. Two years in Europe. 1901-1902. Gifford Lectures. "The Varieties of Religious Experience." 1906. Acting(See Appendix in volume II for a full list of books by William James, with their dates.)
William James was the eldest of five children. His brothers and sister, with their dates, were: Henry (referred to as "Harry"), 1843-1916; Garth Wilkinson (referred to as "Wilky"), 1845-1883; Robertson (referred to as "Bob" and "Bobby"), 1846-1910; Alice, 1848-1892.
He had five children. Their dates and the names by which they are referred to in the letters are: Henry ("Harry"), 1879; William ("Billy"), 1882; Hermann, 1884-1885; Margaret Mary ("Peggy," "Peg"), 1887; Alexander Robertson ("Tweedie," "François"), 1890.