THE

LOYALISTS OF AMERICA

AND

THEIR TIMES:

From 1620 to 1816.

BY EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LL.D.,

Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada from 1844 to 1876.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

TORONTO:
WILLIAM BRIGGS, 80 KING STREET EAST;
JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, AND
WILLING & WILLIAMSON.
MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS.
1880.

Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year One thousand eight hundred and eighty, by the Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D., LL.D., in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

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PREFACE.

As no Indian pen has ever traced the history of the aborigines of America, or recorded the deeds of their chieftains, their "prowess and their wrongs"—their enemies and spoilers being their historians; so the history of the Loyalists of America has never been written except by their enemies and spoilers, and those English historians who have not troubled themselves with examining original authorities, but have adopted the authorities, and in some instances imbibed the spirit, of American historians, who have never tired in eulogizing Americans and everything American, and deprecating everything English, and all who have loyally adhered to the unity of the British Empire.

I have thought that the other side of the story should be written; or, in other words, the true history of the relations, disputes, and contests between Great Britain and her American colonies and the United States of America.

The United Empire Loyalists were the losing party; their history has been written by their adversaries, and strangely misrepresented. In the vindication of their character, I have not opposed assertion against assertion; but, in correction of unjust and untrue assertions, I have offered the records and documents of the actors themselves, and in their own words. To do this has rendered my history, to a large extent, documentary, instead of being a mere popular narrative. The many fictions of American writers will be found corrected and exposed in the following volumes, by authorities and facts which cannot be successfully denied. In thus availing myself so largely of the proclamations, messages, addresses, letters, and records of the times when they occurred, I have only followed the example of some of the best historians and biographers.

No one can be more sensible than myself of the imperfect manner in which I have performed my task, which I commenced more than a quarter of a century since, but I have been prevented from completing it sooner by public duties—pursuing, as I have done from the beginning, an untrodden path of historical investigations. From the long delay, many supposed I would never complete the work, or that I had abandoned it. On its completion, therefore, I issued a circular, an extract from which I hereto subjoin, explaining the origin, design, and scope of the work:—

E. RYERSON.

"Toronto, Sept. 24th, 1879."

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CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

• Introduction.—Two Classes of Emigrants—Two Governments for seventy years—The Pilgrim Fathers, their Pilgrimages and Settlement.
• The writer a native Colonist 1
• Massachusetts the seed-plot of the American Revolution

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Two distinct emigrations to New England—the "Pilgrim Fathers" in 1620, the "Puritan Fathers" in 1629; two separate governments for seventy years; characteristics of each 1

Objects and documentary character of the history, which is not a popular narrative, but a historical discussion
(in a note) 2

The "Pilgrim Fathers;" their pilgrimages and settlement in New England 2

Origin of Independents 2

Flight to Holland, and twelve years' pilgrimage; trades and wearisome life there 3

Long to be under English rule and protection 3

Determine and arrange to emigrate to America 3

Voyage, and intended place of settlement 4

Landing at Cape Cod; constitution of government; Messrs. Bancroft and Young's remarks upon it 5

Settlement of "New Plymouth" 6

What known of the harbour and coast before the landing of the Pilgrims 7

Inflated and extravagant accounts of the character and voyage of the Pilgrims (in a note) 7

Results of the first year's experience and labours; a week's celebration of the first "harvest home"—such a first harvest home as no United Empire Loyalists were ever able to celebrate in Canada 9

CHAPTER II.

• Government of the "Pilgrim Fathers" at New Plymouth during seventy years, from 1620
  to 1690, as distinct from that of the "Puritan Fathers" of Massachusetts Bay. 11-23
• Two governments—difference between the government of the Pilgrims and that of the Puritans 11
• Compact, and seven successive governors of the Pilgrims 12
• Simple, just, popular and loyal government of the Pilgrims and their descendants 13
• Illustrations of their loyalty to successive sovereigns, and the equity and kindness with which Charles the First
  and Charles the Second treated them 14
• Complaints against the unjust and persecuting conduct of the government of Massachusetts Bay, the cause of Parliamentary and Royal Commissions in 1646, 1664, and 1678 17
• Four questions of inquiry by the Commissioners of Charles the Second, in 1665, and satisfactory answers
  by the Plymouth Government 18
• Opposition of the Puritan Government of Massachusetts Bay to the Pilgrim Government in seeking a Royal
  Charter in 1630 and 1678 21
• Absorption of the Plymouth Colony into that of Massachusetts Bay by the second Royal Charter; the exclusion
  of its chief men from public offices 21
• Reflections on the melancholy termination of the Plymouth Government; the noble and loyal character of the
  Pilgrim Fathers and their descendants 22

CHAPTER III.

• The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company and their Government, commencing in 1629. 24-84

PART FIRST.

• First settlement—Royal Charter

granted 24

Causes, characteristics, and objects of early emigration to New England 25

The Puritan emigrants to Massachusetts Bay professed members of the Established Church when they left
England 26

Professed objects of the emigration two-fold—religious and commercial; chiefly religious, for "converting
and civilizing the idolatrous and savage Indian tribes" 26

Endicot; Royal Charter 27

Second emigration; Endicot becomes a Congregationalist, and establishes Congregationalism as the only
worship of the Company at Massachusetts Bay, and banishes John and Samuel Brown for adhering
(with others) to the old worship 28

PART SECOND.

• The question involving the primary cause of the American Revolution; the setting up of a new form of
  worship, and abolishing and proscribing that of the Church of England, and banishing Episcopalians who
  adhered to the old form of worship; the facts analysed and discussed; instructions of the Company in
  England, and oaths of allegiance and of office prescribed by it 30

PART THIRD.

• Complaints of the banished Episcopalians in England; proceedings by the Company, denials, proofs,
  conduct and correspondence of the parties concerned 46
• Address of Governor Winthrop, &c., on leaving England, in 1630, to their "Fathers and Brethren of the
  Church of England," affirming their filial and undying love to the Church of England, as their
  "dear mother," from whose breasts they had derived their spiritual nourishment, &c., &c. 55
• Remarks on this address, and absurd interpretations of it 57
• Puritan authorities alone adduced as evidence on the subjects of discussion; Puritan letters suppressed;
  first seeds of the American Revolution 59

PART FOURTH.

• Contest between King Charles the First and the Massachusetts Bay Puritans during ten years, from
  1630 to 1640 61
• Professions of the Puritans on leaving England, and their conduct on arriving at Massachusetts Bay 62
• In the Church revolution at Massachusetts Bay, none but Congregationalists could be citizen electors,
  or eligible for office of any kind; five-sixths of the male population disfranchised 63
• This first violation of the Royal Charter and laws of England 65
• Complaints to the King in Council in 1632 65
• Imputations upon the complainants, and upon the King and Council for listening to their complaints 66
• Proceedings of the King and Council in 1632; the accused deny the charges, and convince the King
  of their innocence and good faith; further inquiry to be made; in the meantime the King dismisses the
  complaints, assures the accused that he never intended to impose at Massachusetts Bay the religious
  ceremonies to which they had objected in England, and assures them of his desire to promote the
  interests of their plantation 66
• The King's kind and indulgent conduct, and how the advocates of the Company deceived him 67
• Continued oppressions and proscriptions at Massachusetts Bay, and fresh complaints to the King in
  Council in 1634 69
• Transfer of the Charter; kept secret during four years; remarks upon it; effect of the disclosure, and
  renewed complaints 69
• Issue of a Royal Commission; proposed armed resistance at Massachusetts Bay advised by the
  Congregational ministers; remarks on Mr. Bancroft's attacks and statements; official representations,
  and conduct of parties concerned

class="tocright">72

Massachusetts Bay rulers the aggressors throughout; review of the controversy 75

More despotism practised in Massachusetts Bay than was ever practised in Upper Canada 82

CHAPTER IV.

• The Government of Massachusetts Bay under the Long Parliament, the Commonwealth,
  and Cromwell. 85-129
• Commissioners from the Massachusetts Bay rulers to the Long Parliament 85
• Change of Government in England stops emigration to Massachusetts 85
• First Address of the Massachusetts Commissioners to the Long Parliament 86
• Ordinance of the Long Parliament in regard to Massachusetts trade, &c., in 1642, and remarks upon it 87
• The Massachusetts Bay Court pass an Act in 1644, of persecution of the Baptists; another Act authorising discussion, &c., in favour of the Parliament, but pronouncing as a "high offence," to be proceeded against
  "capitally," anything done or said in behalf of the King 87
• In 1646, the Long Parliament pass an ordinance appointing a Commission and Governor-General over Massachusetts and other Colonies, with powers more extensive than the Commission which had been
  appointed by Charles the First in 1634 88
• The parliamentary authority declared in this ordinance, and acknowledged by the Puritans in 1646,
  the same as that maintained by the United Empire Loyalists of America one hundred and thirty years
  afterwards, in the American Revolution of 1776 (in a note) 88-92
• The Presbyterians in 1646 seek liberty of worship at Massachusetts Bay, but are punished for their
  petition to the Massachusetts Bay Government, and are fined and their papers seized to prevent their
  appeal to the Puritan Parliament 93
• How their appeal to England was defeated 98
• Further illustrations of the proceedings of the rulers of Massachusetts Bay as more intolerant and
  persecuting than anything ever attempted by the High Church party in Upper Canada 98
• Colonial government according to Massachusetts Bay pretensions impossible 99
• The order of the Long Parliament to the Massachusetts Bay Government to surrender the Charter
  and receive another; consternation 99
• Means employed to evade the order of Parliament 100
• Mr. Bancroft's statements, and remarks upon them (in a note) 100
• Mr. Palfrey's statements in regard to what he calls the "Presbyterian Cabal," and remarks upon them 103
• Petition of the Massachusetts Bay Court to the Long Parliament in 1651; two addresses to Cromwell—the
  one in 1651, the other in 1654 108
• Remarks on these addresses 110
• The famous Navigation Act, passed by the Long Parliament in 1651, oppressive to the Southern Colonies,
  but regularly evaded in Massachusetts Bay by collusion with Cromwell 111
• Intolerance and persecutions of Presbyterians, Baptists, &c., by the Massachusetts Bay rulers, from 1643
  to 1651 112
• Letters of remonstrance against these persecutions by the distinguished Puritans, Sir Henry Vane and Sir
  Richard Saltonstall 116
• Mr. Neal on the same subject

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@21012@[email protected]#Footnote_105_105" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">(in a note) 120

The Rev. Messrs. Wilson and Norton instigate, and the Rev. Mr. Cotton justifies, these persecutions
of the Baptists 120

Summary of the first thirty years of the Massachusetts Bay Government, and character of its persecuting
laws and spirit, by the celebrated Edmund Burke 122

The death of Cromwell; conduct and professions of the rulers of Massachusetts Bay in regard to Cromwell
and Charles the Second at his restoration; Scotchmen, fighting on their own soil for their king, taken
prisoners at Dunbar, transported and received as slaves at Massachusetts Bay 124

CHAPTER V.

• Government of Massachusetts Bay and other Colonies during twenty years, under
  Charles the Second, from 1660 to 1680. 130-203
• Restoration; the news of it was received with joy in the Colonies, except in Massachusetts Bay, where
  false rumours were circulated alone 130
• Change of tone and professions at Massachusetts Bay on the confirmation of the news of the King's
  restoration and firm establishment on the throne; John Eliot, Indian apostle, censured for what he had
  been praised 131
• When and under what circumstances the Massachusetts Bay Government proclaimed the King, and
  addressed him; the address (in a note) 132
• Remarks on this address, and its contrariety to the address to Cromwell ten years before 133
• The King's kind letter addressed to Governor Endicot (in a note) 135
• The Massachusetts Court's "ecstasy of joy" at the King's letter, and reply to it 135
• The King enjoins ceasing to persecute the Quakers: how answered (in a note) 137
• Petitions and representations to the King from Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, &c., in
  Massachusetts Bay, on their persecutions and disfranchisement by the local Government 137
• The King's Puritan Councillors, and kindly feelings for the Colony of Massachusetts Bay 138
• The King's letter of pardon and oblivion, June 28, 1662 (in a note), of the past misdeeds of the
  Massachusetts Bay Government, and the six conditions on which he promised to continue the Charter 139
• The King's oblivion of the past and promised continuance of the Charter for the future joyfully
  proclaimed; but the publication of the letter withheld, and when the publication of it could be withheld
  no longer, all action on the royal conditions of toleration, &c., prescribed, was ordered by the local
  Government to be suspended until the order of the Court 141
• Messrs. Bradstreet and Norton, sent as agents to England to answer complaints, are favourably received;
  are first thanked and then censured at Boston; Norton dies of grief 142
• On account of the complaints and representations made to England, the King in Council determines
  upon the appointment of a Commission to inquire into the matters complained of in the New England
  Colonies, and to remedy what was wrong 145
• Slanderous rumours circulated in Massachusetts against the Commission and Commissioners 146
• Copy of the Royal Commission (in a note), explaining the reasons and objects of it 147
• All the New England Colonies, except Massachusetts Bay, duly receive the Royal Commissioners; their
  

report on Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Plymouth (in a note) 148

Report of the Royal Commissioners on the Colony of Massachusetts Bay (in a note); difference from the
other Colonies; twenty anomalies in its laws inconsistent with its Charter; evades the conditions of the
promised continuance of the Charter; denies the King's jurisdiction 149

They address the King, and enclose copies of their address, with letters, to Lord Chancellor Clarendon,
the Earl of Manchester, Lord Say, and the Honourable Robert Boyle 152

The United Empire Loyalists the true Liberals of that day 152

Copy of the long and characteristic address of the Massachusetts Bay Court to the King, October 25,
1664 (with notes) 153

Letters of Lord Clarendon and the Honourable Robert Boyle to the Massachusetts Bay Court, in reply to
their letters, and on their address to the King; pretensions and conduct 160

Conduct and pretensions of the Massachusetts Bay Court condemned and exposed by loyalist inhabitants
of Boston, Salem, Newbury, and Ipswich, in a petition 163

The King's reply to the long address or petition of the Massachusetts Bay Court, dated February 25,
1665, correcting their misstatements, and showing the groundlessness of their pretended fears and
actual pretensions 166

The King's kind and courteous letter without effect upon the Massachusetts Bay Court, who refuse to
acknowledge the Royal Commissioners; second and more decisive letter from the King, April, 1666 169

Retrospect of the transactions between the two Charleses and the Massachusetts Bay Court from
1630 to 1666, with extracts of correspondence 171

Royal Charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island, in 1663, with remarks upon them by Judge Story
(in a note) 172

The narrative of the discussion of questions between Charles the Second and the Massachusetts Bay
Court resumed; summary of facts; questions at issue 178

On receiving the report of his Commissioners, who had been rejected by the Massachusetts Bay Court,
the King orders agents to be sent to England to answer before the King in Council to the complaints
made against the Government of the Colony 179

Meetings and proceedings of the Massachusetts Bay Court on the Royal Message; their address of
vindication and entreaty to the King; and instead of sending agents, send two large masts, and resolve to
send £1,000 to propitiate the King 180

Loyalists in the Court and among the people, who maintain the Royal authority 182

Complaints a pretext to perpetuate sectarian rule and persecutions 183

Baptists persecuted by fine, imprisonment, &c., as late as 1666 and 1669
(extract of Court proceedings in a note), several years after the King had forbidden such intolerance in Massachusetts 184

Statements of Hutchinson and Neal in regard to such persecutions, and remonstrances by the
Rev. Drs. Owen and T. Goodwin, and other Nonconformist ministers in England 185

Efforts by addresses, gifts, and compliance in some matters, to propitiate the King's favour 186

Why the King desists for some years from further action 187

Complaints from neighbouring Colonists and individual citizens, of invasion of rights, and persecutions
and proscriptions by the Massachusetts Bay Government, awaken at last the renewed attention of the
King's Government to their proceedings; and the

King addresses another letter, July, 1679
(copy of the letter in a note) 187

Seven requirements of this letter just and reasonable, and observed by all British Colonies at this day 188

Remarks on the unfair statements and unjust imputations against the British Government of that day, by
Mr. Palfrey and other New England historians 190

Nineteen years' evasions and disregard of the conditions on which the King promised to perpetuate the
Charter; strong and decisive letter from the King, September, 1680, to the Massachusetts Bay Court,
which caused a special meeting of the Court, the sending of agents to England, and the passing of some
remedial Acts 193

Examples and proofs of the deceptive character of these Acts, with measures to neutralize or prevent
them from being carried intoeffect—such as the Navigation Act, Oath of Allegiance, the Franchise,
Liberty of Worship, and Persecution of Baptists and Quakers 195

Recapitulation; manner of extending the territory and jurisdiction, so as to include Maine, part of
New Hampshire, &c. (in a note); Mr. Bancroft's statement, confirming the positions of this and
preceding chapters as to the pretensions and conduct of the Massachusetts Bay Government 200

CHAPTER VI.

• Massachusetts during the last four years of Charles the Second and the three years'
  reign of James the Second, from 1680 to 1689; the immediate causes and manner of
  cancelling the first Charter. 204-220
• Crisis approaching; the double game of Massachusetts Bay Court played out; threat of a writ of
  quo warranto 204
• Proceedings of Massachusetts Bay Court; offer a bribe to the King; bribe clerks of the Privy Council 205
• The Massachusetts Bay Court refuse the proposed conditions of perpetuating the Charter; refuse
  submission to the King on any conditions; determine to contest in a Court of Law; agents restricted;
  the King provoked 206
• The Governor and a majority of the assistants or magistrates vote in favour of submitting to the King's
  decision; the Ministers advise, and a majority of the deputies vote against it 208
• A writ of quo warranto issued and sent, June and July, 1683, summoning the Corporation of
  Massachusetts Bay to defend their acts against the complaints and charges (thirteen in number) made
  against them, but assuring the inviolableness of private property, and offering to stay legal proceedings
  against the Corporation in case of their submitting to the decision of the King, on the points heretofore
  required by his Majesty as conditions of perpetuating the Charter 208
• The Colony of Massachusetts Bay divided; origin of parties; the Governor and a majority of the "Upper
  Branch of the Government" were the moderate or loyalist party; the majority of the "House of Deputies,"
  whose "elections were controlled by the ministers," were the independence party; violent language by
  Dr. Increase Mather, whose appeal from man to God was decided against him (in a note) 209
• Resolutions of the two Houses of the Court on the subject 210
• Notice to the Massachusetts Bay Court of the issue of the writ of quo warranto, to answer to the
  complaints against them, received October, 1683; judgment given July 1685, nearly two years afterwards 211
• The questions at issue unfairly put to popular vote in Massachusetts; remarks on Mr. Palfrey's account of
  the transactions 211
• Results of the fall of the Charter; death of Charles the Second; proclamation of the accession of James
  the Second; appointment of Joseph Dudley as Governor; character of his seven months' government 212
• Appointment of Andros as local Governor and Governor-General; popular beginning of his government;
  his tyranny; seized at Boston and sent prisoner to England; acquitted on account of having obeyed
  his instructions 215
• Toleration first proclaimed in Massachusetts by James the Second; thanked by the Massachusetts Bay
  Court, and its agent

in England, the Rev. Increase Mather, for the proclamation which lost the King
the Crown of England 216

Concluding review of the characteristics of the fifty-four years' government of Massachusetts Bay
Government under the first Charter 217

CHAPTER VII.

• Second Royal Charter, and the Government of Massachusetts under it from 1691 to
  1748; the close of the First War between England and France, and the Peace of
  Aix-la-Chapelle. 221-241
• Retrospect; reasons assigned by Mr. Palfrey why the Massachusetts Bay Government did not make
  armed resistance against "the fall of the first Charter," and remarks upon them 221
• The Government of Massachusetts Bay continued two years after "the fall of the Charter," as if nothing
  had happened 226
• They promptly proclaim King James the Second; take the oath of allegiance to him; send the Rev. Increase
  Mather as agent to thank his Majesty for his proclamation of indulgence, to pray for the restoration of the
  first Charter, and for the removal of Sir Edmund Andros; King James grants several friendly audiences,
  but does nothing 226
• On the dethronement of James the Second, Dr. Increase Mather pays his homage to the new King, with
  professions (no doubt sincere) of overflowing loyalty to him (in a note) 226
• Unsuccessful efforts of Dr. Increase Mather to obtain the restoration of the first Charter, though aided by
  the Queen, Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Burnet, the Presbyterian clergy, and others 228
• How the second Charter was prepared and granted; Dr. Increase Mather first protests against, and then
  gratefully accepts the Charter; nominates the first Governor, Sir William Phips 229
• Nine principal provisions of the new Charter 233
• Puritan legal opinions on the defects of the first Charter, the constant violation of it by the Massachusetts Bay Government, and the unwisdom of its restoration (in a note) 233
• A small party in Boston opposed to accepting the new Charter; Judge Story on the salutary influence of the
  new Charter on the legislation and progress of the Colony 235
• Happy influence of the new Charter upon toleration, loyalty, peace and unity of society in
  Massachusetts—proofs 237
• The spirit of the old leaven of bigotry still surviving; and stung with the facts of Neal's History of New
  England on "the persecuting principles and practices of the first planters," a remarkable letter from the
  Rev. Dr. Isaac Watts, dated February 19, 1720, addressed to the Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, explanatory
  of Neal's History, and urging the formal repeal of the "cruel and sanguinary statutes" which had been
  passed by the Massachusetts Bay Court under the first Charter (in a note) 239
• Happiness and progress of Massachusetts during seventy years under the second Charter 240
• Debts incurred by the New England Colonies in the Indian Wars; issue of paper money; how Massachusetts
  was relieved by England, and made prosperous 240

CHAPTER VIII.

• Massachusetts and other Colonies during the Second War between Great Britain
  and France, from the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, to the Peace of Paris, 1763. 242-279
• Places taken during the war between France and England mutually restored at the Peace of
  Aix-la-Chapelle; Louisburg and Cape Breton restored to France, in return for Madras restored
  to England 242
• Boundaries in America between France and England to be defined by a joint Commission, which could
  not agree 242
• Encroachments of the French on the British Colonies from 1748 to 1756; complaints of the Colonial
  Governors to England; orders to them to defend their territories; conflicts between the Colonies,
  French and Indians

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@21012@[email protected]#Page_243" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">243

England's best if not only means of protecting the Colonies, to prevent the French from transporting
soldiers and war material to Canada; naval preparations 244

Evasive answers and disclaimers of the French Government, with naval and military preparations 245

Braddock's unfortunate expedition; capture of French vessels, soldiers, &c., (in a note) 247

The King's speech to Parliament on French encroachments; convention of Colonies at Albany, and its representatives, a year before war was declared 247

Mr. Bancroft's imputation against the British Government, and reply to it (in a note) 247

Mr. Bancroft represents this war as merely European; refuted by himself; his noble representations
of the Protestant character of the war on the part of Great Britain and other Powers 248

Contests chiefly between the Colonists, the French, and the Indians, from 1648 to 1654; English
soldiers under General Braddock sent to America in 1655; campaigns actual and devised that year;
Massachusetts active; Sir William Johnson's victory over the French General, Dieskau 250

War formally declared by England and France in 1756; French successes in 1755, 1756, and 1757 252

Parliament votes £115,000 sterling to compensate the Colonies for expenses incurred by them 252

Arrival of the Earl of Loudon from England with troops, as Commander-in-Chief 252

Capture of Forts Oswego and William Henry by the French General, Montcalm 253

Dispute between the Earl of Loudon and the Massachusetts Court, in regard to the Mutiny Act,
and quartering the troops upon the citizens 255

Alarming situation of affairs at the close of the year 1757 255

Divided counsels and isolated resources and action of the Colonies 257

General Abercrombie arrives with more troops, and forty German officers to drill and command
regiments to be raised in America (which gave offence to the Colonists) 257

The Governor of Virginia recommends Washington, but his services are not recognized 257

Generals Abercrombie and Loudon at Albany hesitate and delay, while the French generals are active
and successful 258

The Earl of Loudon's arbitrary conduct in quartering his officers and troops in Albany and New York
(in a note) 258

Loudon never fought a battle in America; and in the only battle fought by Abercrombie, he was
disgracefully defeated by Montcalm, though commanding the largest army which had ever been
assembled in America. Among the slain in this battle was the brave General, Lord Howe, the
favourite of the army and citizens 259

The Massachusetts Court appropriate £250 sterling to erect a monument in Westminster Abbey in
honour of Lord Howe 260

Abercrombie—the last of the incompetent English Generals—recalled, and succeeded by
Lord Amherst as Commander-in-Chief, assisted by General Wolfe, when, under the Premiership of
the elder Pitt, the whole policy and fortunes of the war undergo a complete change 260

Colonel Bradstreet's brilliant achievement in taking and destroying Fort Frontenac 261

Lord Amherst plans three expeditions, all of which were

successful 261

Louisburg besieged and taken; heroism of General Wolfe; great rejoicings 262

Admiral Boscawen returns to England; Lord Amherst's energetic movements 262

Niagara taken; Fort du Quesne taken, and called Pittsburg; Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken;
Quebec taken 263

Attempt of the French to recover Quebec 266

Parliamentary compensation to Massachusetts (in a note) 267

Montreal besieged and taken, and all Canada surrendered to the King of Great Britain, through Lord
Amherst 267

General Amherst's address to the army (in a note) 268

The war not closed; conquests in the West Indies; troubles with the Indians; reduction of the Cherokees 269

Treaty of Paris; general rejoicings 269

Massachusetts benefited by the war 270

Moneys provided by England for the war abstracted from England and expended in the Colonies 270

Grateful acknowledgments and avowed loyalty to England by Massachusetts; the language and feelings
of the other Colonies the same 271