tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Trade Statistics

Chronological Table of Leading Events

Index

First mission to the Ladrone Islands. Pelew Islanders. Caroline Islanders. 40

Spainʼs possession of the Caroline Islands disputed by Germany. 44

Posadillo, Governor of the Caroline Islands, is murdered. 45

The Ladrone, Caroline, and Pelew Islands (except Guam) sold to Germany. 46

Chapter IV

Attempted Conquest by Chinese

• Li-ma-hong, a Chinese corsair, attacks Manila. 47
• He settles in Pangasinán; evacuates the Islands. 49
• Rivalry of lay and Monastic authorities. Philip II.ʼs decree of Reforms. 51
• Manila Cathedral founded. Mendicant friars. Archbishopric created. 55
• Supreme Court suppressed and re-established. Church and State contentions. 57
• Murder of Gov.-General Bustamente Bustillo. The monks in open riot. 60

Chapter V

Early Relations with Japan

The Catholic Missions

• The Emperor of Japan demands the surrender of the Islands. 63
• Fray Pedro Bautistaʼs mission; he and 25 others are crucified. 65
• Jesuit and Franciscan jealousy. The martyrsʼ mortal remains lost at sea. 67
• Emperor Taycosama explains his policy. Further missions and executions. 68
• Missionary martyrs declared saints. Emperor of Japan sends a shipment of lepers. 70
• Spaniards expelled from Formosa by the Dutch. Missions to Japan abandoned. 71

Chapter VI

Conflicts with the Dutch

• The Spanish expedition to the Moluccas fails. 72
• Chinese mutiny, murder the Spanish leader, and take the ship to Cochin China. 73
• Expeditions of Bravo de Acuna and Pedro de Heredia. Battle of Playa Honda. 74
• Koxinga, a Chinese adventurer, threatens to attack the Colony. 76
• Vittorio Riccio, an Italian monk, visits Manila as Koxingaʼs ambassador. 77
• Chinese goaded to rebellion; great massacre. 77
• Vicissitudes of Govs.-General. Defalcations. Impeachments. 78
• Gov.-General Fajardo de Tua kills his wife and her paramour. 80
• Separation of Portugal and Spain (1640). Spanish failure to capture Macao. 81
• Nunneries. Mother Ceciliaʼs love adventures. Santa Clara Convent. 81
• The High Host is stolen. Inquisition. Letter of Anathema. 82
• The Spanish Prime Minister Valenzuela is banished to Cavite. 83
• Monseigneur Maillard de Tournon, the Papal Legate. 84
• His arrogance and eccentricities; he dies in prison at Macao. 85
• Question of the Regium exequatur. Philip V.ʼs edict of punishments. 86

Chapter VII

British Occupation of Manila

• Coalition of France and Spain against England by the “Family Compact.” 87
• Simon de Anda y Salazár usurps the Archbishop-Governorʼs authority. 88
• British bombard Manila. Archbishop-Governor Rojo capitulates. 89
• British in possession of the City. Sack and pillage. Agreed Indemnity. 90
• Simon de Anda y Salazár defies Governor Rojo and declares war. 91
• British carry war into the provinces. Bustos opposes them. 92
• Bustos completely routed. Chinese take the British side. 93
• Massacre of Chinese. Villa Cortaʼs fate. The Philipino treasure. 94
• Simon de Anda y Salazár offers rewards for British heads. 95
• Austin friars on battle-fields. Peace of Paris (Feb. 10, 1763). 96
• Archbishop-Governor Rojo dies. La Torre appointed Gov.-General. 97
• British evacuate Manila. La Torre allows Anda to receive back the City. 98
• Anda goes to Spain; is rewarded by the King; returns as Gov.-General. 99
• Anda is in conflict with the out-going Governor, the Jesuits, and the friars. 99
• Anda dies in hospital (1776). His burial-place and monument. 100
• Rebellion succeeds the war. Ilocos Rebellion led by Diego de Silan. 100
• Revolt in Bojol Island led by Dagóhoy. 101
• Revolts in Leyte Island, Surigao (Mindanao Is.), and Sámar Island. 102
• Rebellion of “King” Málong and “Count” Gumapos. 103
• Rebellion of Andrés Novales. Execution of A. Novales and Ruiz. 104
• Apolinario de la Cruz declares himself “King of the Tagálogs.” 105
• General Marcelo Azcárraga, Spanish War Minister, Philippine born. 105
• The Cavite Conspiracy of 1872. The Secret Society of Reformers. 106
• The Philippine Martyrs, Dr. Búrgos and Fathers Zamora and Gomez. 107
• Illustrious exiles—Dr. Antonio M. Regidor and José M. Basa. 108

Chapter VIII

The Chinese

• The China-Manila trade in the days of Legaspi. 109
• The Alcayceria. The Parian. Chinese banished. Restrictions. 110
• The Chinese as immigrants; their comparative activity. 112
• Chinese mandarins come to seek the “Mount of Gold” in Cavite. 114
• The Chinese are goaded to revolt. Saint Francisʼ victory over them. 115
• Massacre of Foreigners. The Chinese Traders; their Guilds. 116
• Chinese patron saint; population. The Sangley. The Macao. 118
• Restrictions on Chinese immigration. Their gradual exclusion. 119

Chapter IX

Wild Tribes and Pagans

• The Aetas or Negritos or Balugas. 120
• The Gaddanes. The Itavis. The Igorrotes. The Ibanacs. 122
• Attempt to subdue the Igorrotes. Its failure. 124
• The Calingas. The Igorrote-Chinese. The Tinguianes. 125
• The Basanes. The Manguianes. The Hindoos. Albinos. 128

Chapter X

Mahometans and Southern Tribes

• Early history of the Mahometans, called Moros. 129
• The First Expedition against the Mindanao Moros. 130
• Gov.-General Corcuera effects a landing in Sulu Island. 131
• The scourge of Moro Piracy. Devastation of the coasts. Captives. 132
• Zamboanga Fort; cost of its maintenance. Fighting Friars. 133
• Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin. 134
• The Sultan appeals to his suzerainʼs delegate and is made prisoner. 134
• His letter to Sultan Muhamad Amirubdin. 135
• The charges against the Sultan. Extermination of Meros decreed. 136
• Mindanao

and Sulu Moros join forces. Extermination impossible. 137

The Treaty with Sultan Mahamad Alimudin. 138

The Claveria and Urbiztondo expeditions against Moros. 139

Gov.-General Malcampo finally annexes Joló (1876). 140

Spain appoints Harun Narrasid Sultan of Sulu (1885). 141

The ceremony of investiture. Opposition to the nominee. 142

Datto Utto defies the Spaniards. Terreroʼs expedition (Jan., 1887). 143

Colonel Arolasʼ victory at Maybun (Sulu Is.) (April, 1887). 144

The Marahui Campaign (1895). The Moro tribes. 145

The Juramentado. Moro dress; character; arts; weapons. 146

Moro customs. The Pandita. The Datto. 148

Joló (Sulu) town. H.H. the Sultan of Sulu. 149

A juramentado runs amok. Across Sulu Island to Maybun. 152

The Sultanʼs official reception. Subuános of Zamboanga. 154

Climate in the South. Palaúan Island. Spanish settlers. 157

Across Palaúan Island. The Tugbanúas tribe. 158

Their dress, customs, and country. 159

Efforts to colonize Paláuan Island. The Moro problem. 160

Chapter XI

Domesticated Natives—Origin—Character

• Theory concerning the first inhabitants of these Islands. 163
• Their advent before the Spanish Conquest. 165
• Japanese and Chinese early immigrants. 166
• Native character; idiosyncracies and characteristics. 167
• Notion of sleep. “Castila!”. 169
• Tagálog and Visayo hospitality. The nativeʼs good qualities. 172
• Native aversion to discipline; bravery; resignation; geniality. 175
• Mixed races. Native physiognomy; marriages; minorsʼ rights. 176
• Family names. The Catapúsan. 179
• Dancing; the Balitao; the Comitan. The Asuan. 180
• Mixed marriages. The Half-caste (Mestizo). 181
• The Shrines and Saints. The Holy Child of Cebú. St. Francis of Tears. 183
• Our Lady of Cagsaysay. The Virgin of Antipolo. 184
• Miraculous Saints. Santones. Native Conception of Religion. 187
• Musical talent. Slavery. Education in Spanish times. 190
• The Intellectuals. The Illiterates. State aid for Schools. 192
• The Athenæum. Girlsʼ Colleges. St. Thomasʼ University. 194
• The Nautical School. The provincial student. Talented natives. 195
• Diseases. Leprosy. Insanity. Death-rate. Sanitation. 197

Chapter XII

The Religious Orders

• Their early co-operation a necessity. 199
• Their power and influence. 200
• Opinions for and against that power. 201
• The Spanish parish priest. Father Piernavieja. 202
• Virtueless friars. Monastic persecution. 204
• The Hierarchy. The Orders. Church revenues and State aid. 206
• Rivalry of Religious Orders. Papal intervention to ensure peace. 209

Chapter XIII

Spanish Insular Government

• The Encomiendas. The Trading-Governors. 211
• The Judge-Governors (Alcálde Máyor). The Reforms of 1886. 213
• Cost of Spanish Insular Government. The Provincial Civil Governorʼs duties. 214
• The position of Provincial Civil Governor. Local Funds. Provincial poverty. 216
• Highways and Public Works. Cause of national decay. 218
• Fortunes made easily. Peculations. Town Local Government. 220
• The Gobernadorcillo (petty-governor). The Cabeza de Barangay (Tax-collector). 222
• The Cuadrillero (guard). The Fallas (tax). The Cédula personal. 224
• The Tribunal (town hall). Reforms affecting travellers. 225

Chapter XIV

Spanish-Philippine Finances

• Philippine budgets. Curious items of revenue and expenditure. 227
• Spanish-Philippine army, police, and constabulary statistics. 230
• The armed forces in the olden times. 232
• Spanish-Philippine navy and judicial statistics. 233
• Prison statistics. Brigandage. The brigandsʼ superstition. 235
• A chase for brigands. The anting-anting. Pirates. 237
• The notorious Tancad. Dilatory justice. A cause célèbre. 239
• Spanish-Philippine Criminal Law procedure. 241

Chapter XV

Trade of the Islands from Early Times

• Its early history. Its State galleons. 243
• The Consulado merchants. The Mexican subsidy. 244
• In the days of the Mexican galleons. The Obras Pias. 245
• Losses of the treasure-laden galleons. Trade difficulties. 246
• The period of restrictions on trade. Prohibitory decrees. 248
• The Manila merchants alarmed; appeal to the King. 249
• Penalties on free-traders. Trading friars. The budget for 1757. 250
• Decline of trade. Spanish trading-company failures. 252
• The Real Compañia de Filipinas; its privileges and failure. 253
• The dawn of free trade. Foreign traders admitted. 254
• Manila port, unrestrictedly open to foreigners (1834), becomes known to the world. 256
• Pioneers of foreign trade. Foreign and Philippine banks. 257
• The Spanish-Philippine currency. Mexican-dollar smuggling. 259
• Ports of Zamboanga, Yloilo, Cebú, and Sual opened to foreign trade. 261
• Mail service. Carrying-trade. Middlemen. Native industries. 263
• The first Philippine Railway. Telegraph service. Seclusion of the Colony. 265

Chapter XVI

Agriculture

• Interest on loans to farmers. Land values and tenure in Luzon Island. 269
• Sugar-cane lands and cultivation. Land-measures. 271
• Process of sugar-extraction. Labour conditions on sugar-estates. 273
• Sugar statistics. Worldʼs production of cane and beet sugar. 275
• Rice. Rice-measure. Rice machinery; husking; pearling; statistics. 276
• Macan and Paga rice. Rice planting and trading. 278

Chapter XVII

Manila Hemp—Coffee—Tobacco

• Musa textilis. Extraction and uses of the fibre. Machinery. 281
• Hemp

experiments in British India. Cultivation. Qualities. 283

Labour difficulties. Statistics. Albay province (local) land-measure. 286

Coffee. Coffee dealing and cultivation. 289

Tobacco. The Government Tobacco Monopoly. 292

Tobacco-growing by compulsory labour. Condition of the growers. 294

Tobacco Monopoly abolished. Free trade in tobacco. 296

Tobacco-trading risks; qualities; districts. Cigar values. 299

Chapter XVIII

Sundry Forest and Farm Produce

• Maize. Cacao-beans. Chocolate. 300
• Cacao cultivation. Castor oil. Gogo. 302
• Camote. Gabi. Potatoes. Mani (pea-nut). Areca-nut. Buyo. 303
• Cocoanuts. Extraction of Tuba (beverage). 304
• Cocoanut-oil extraction. Coprah. Coir. 305
• Nipa palm. Cogon-grass. Cotton-tree. 307
• Buri palm. Ditá. Palma brava. Bamboo. 308
• Bojo. Bejuco (Rattan-cane). Palásan (Bush-rope). 310
• Gum mastic. Gutta-percha. Wax. Cinnamon. Edible Birdʼs-nest. 311
• Balate (Trepang). Sapan-wood. Tree-saps. 312
• Hardwoods; varieties and qualities. 313
• Molave wood tensile and transverse experiments. 315
• Relative strengths of hardwoods. Timber trade. 317
• Fruits; the Mango; the Banana; the Papaw, etc. 318
• Guavas; Pineapples; Tamarinds; the Mabolo. 320
• Sundry vegetable produce. Flowers. 321
• Botanical specimens—curious and beautiful. Orchids. 322
• Firewoods; Locust beans; Amor seco. 324
• Botanical names given to islands, towns etc. 324
• Medicinal herbs, roots, leaves and barks. Perfumes. 325

Chapter XIX

Mineral Products

• Coal import. Coal-mining ventures. 326
• Comparative analyses of coal. 328
• Gold-mining ventures. The Paracale and Mambulao mines. 329
• Iron-mining ventures. Failures, poverty and suicide. 332
• Copper. Marble. Stone. Gypsum. Sulphur. Mineral oil. 334

Chapter XX

Domestic Live-stock—Ponies, Buffaloes, Etc.

• Ponies. Horses. Buffaloes (carabaos). 336
• Donkeys. Mules. Sheep. Fish. Insects. Reptiles. Snakes. 338
• Butterflies. White ants. Bats. Deer. Wild boars. 340
• Fowls. Birds. The Locust plague. Edible insects. 341

Chapter XXI

Manila Under Spanish Rule

• The fortified city. The moats. The drawbridges. 343
• Public buildings in the city. The port in construction. 344
• Manila Bay. Corregidor Island and Marivéles. 345
• The Pasig River. Public lighting. Tondo suburb. 346
• Binondo suburb. Chinese and native artificers. 347
• Easter week. The vehicle traffic. 348
• The Theatres. The Carrillo. The “Moro Moro” performance. 349
• The bull-ring. Annual feasts. Cock-fighting. 350
• European club. Hotels. The Press. Spanish journalism. 351
• Botanical gardens. Dwelling-houses. 353
• Manila society. Water-supply. Climate. 354
• Population of the Islands in 1845; of Manila in 1896. 355
• Typhoons and earthquakes affecting Manila. 356
• Dress of both sexes. A “first-class” funeral. 357
• Excursions from Manila. Los Baños. 359
• The story of Los Baños and Jalajala. The legend of Guadalupe Church. 360

Chapter XXII

The Tagálog Rebellion of 1896–98

First Period

• The Córtes de Cadiz. Philippine deputies in the Peninsula. 362
• The Assembly of Reformists. Effect of the Cavite Rising of 1872. 363
• Official acts conducive to rebellion. The Katipunan League. 364
• Arrest of prominent Filipinos. The first overt act of rebellion. 366
• War commences. The Battle of San Juan del Monte. 368
• Execution of Sancho Valenzuela and others. 369
• Andrés Bonifacio heads the movement. He is superseded by Emilio Aguinaldo. 370
• Imus (Cavite) is captured by the rebels. The history of Imus. 372
• Atrocities of the rebels. Rebel victory at Binacayan. 373
• Execution of 13 rebels in Cavite. The rebel chief Llaneras in Bulacan. 374
• Volunteers are enrolled. Tragedy at Fort Santiago; cartloads of corpses. 375
• A court-martial cabal. Gov.-General Blanco is recalled. 376
• The rebels destroy a part of the railway. They threaten an assault on Manila. 377
• General Camilo Polavieja succeeds Blanco as Gov.-General. 378
• General Lachambre, the Liberator of Cavite. Polavieja returns to Spain. 379
• Dr. José Rizal, the Philippine ideal patriot; his career and hopes. 381
• His return to Manila; banishment, liberation, re-arrest, and execution. 383
• The love-romance of Dr. José Rizalʼs life. 387
• General Primo de Rivera succeeds Polavieja as Gov.-General. 389
• The Gov.-General decrees concentration; its bad effect. 391
• The rebels define their demands in an exhortation to the people. 392
• Emilio Aguinaldo now claims independence. 394
• Don Pedro A. Paterno acts as peace negotiator. 395
• The Protocol of Peace between the Rebels and the Gov.-General. 396
• The alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bató (Dec. 14, 1897). 397
• The Primo de Rivera-Paterno agreement as to indemnity payment. 398
• Emilio Aguinaldo in exile. Peace rejoicings. Spain defaults. 399
• The rebel chiefs being in exile, the people are goaded to fresh revolt. 400
• The tragedy of the Calle de Camba. Cebú Island rises in revolt. 401
• The Cebuánosʼ raid on Cebú City; Lutao in flames; piles of corpses. 402
• Exciting adventures of American citizens. Heartrending scenes in Cebú City. 404
• Rajahmudah Datto Mandi visits Cebú. Rebels in Bolinao (Zambales). 406
• Relief of Bolinao. Father Santos of Malolos is murdered. 408
• The peacemaker states his views on the reward he expects from Spain. 409
• Don Máximo Paterno, the Philippine “Grand Old Man”. 411
• Biographical sketch of his son, Don Pedro A. Paterno. 411
• General Basilio Augusti succeeds Primo de Rivera as Gov.-General. 413
• The existence of a Peace Treaty with the rebels is denied in the Spanish Cortés. 414

Chapter XXIII

The Tagálog Rebellion of 1896–98

Second Period

American Intervention

• Events leading to the Spanish-American War (April–Aug., 1898). 417
• Events preliminary

to the naval Battle of Cavite (May 1, 1898). 419

Aspirations of the Revolutionary Party. 420

Revolutionary exhortation denouncing Spain. 421

Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid to the Spanish army. 423

Gov.-General Basilio Augusti issues a call to arms. 424

His proclamation declaring a state of war with America. 425

War in the Islands approaching. Flight of non-combatants. 426

The naval Battle of Cavite. Destruction of the Spanish Fleet. 427

The Stars and Stripes hoisted at Cavite. 429

The first news of the naval defeat raises panic in Madrid. 431

Emilio Aguinaldo returns from exile to Cavite (May 19, 1898). 432

Revolutionary exhortation to the people to aid America. 433

In the beleaguered city of Manila. German attitude. 434

The merchantsʼ harvest. Run on the Banco Español-Filipino. 435

General Aguinaldo becomes Dictator. Filipinos congratulate America. 436

Conditions in and around Manila. Señor Paternoʼs pro-Spanish Manifesto. 438

The revolutionistsʼ refutation of Señor Paternoʼs manifesto. 440

General Monetʼs terrible southward march with refugees. 445

Terror-stricken refugeesʼ flight for life. The Macabebes. 446

The Revolutionary Government proclaimed. Statutes of Constitution. 448

Message of the Revolutionary President accompanying the proclamation. 454

The Revolutionistsʼ appeal to the Powers for recognition. 457

Spain makes peace overtures to America. The Protocol of Peace. 458

The Americans prepare for the attack on Manila. 460

The Americans again demand the surrender of Manila. 461

The Americansʼ attack on Manila (Aug. 13, 1898). 462

Spainʼs blood-sacrifice for “the honour of the country”. 464

Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14, 1898). 465

The Americansʼ first measures of administration in Manila. 467

Trade resumed. Liberty of the Press. Malolos (Bulacan) the rebel capital. 468

General Aguinaldoʼs triumphal entry into Malolos. 470

The Paris Peace Commission (Oct.-Dec., 1898). 471

Peace concluded in Paris between America and Spain (Dec. 10, 1898). 472

Innovations in Manila customs. Spanish government in Visayas. 473

Strained relations between the rebels and the Americans. 475

Rebels attack the Spaniards in Visayas. The Spaniards evacuate the Visayas. 476

The end of Spanish rule. The rebelsʼ disagreement. 478

Text of the Treaty of Peace between America and Spain. 479

Chapter XXIV

An Outline of the War of Independence Period, 1899–1901

• Insurgents prepare for the coming conflict. 484
• Anti-American manifesto. The Philippine Republic. 486
• The war begins; the opening shot. Battle of Paco. 487
• Fighting around Manila; Gagalanging. Manila in flames. 489
• Battle of Marilao. Capture of Malolos, the insurgent capital. 490
• Proclamation of American intentions. Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured. 493
• Effect of the war on public opinion in America. 495
• Insurgent defeat. Calumpit captured. Insurgents ask for an armistice. 496
• Insurgent tactics. General Lawton in Cavite. 499
• Violent death of General Antonio Luna. 501
• General Aguinaldoʼs manifesto; his pathetic allusion to the past. 502
• Insurgents destroy the s.s. Saturnus. Death of General Lawton. 503
• War on the wane. Many chiefs surrender. 505
• Partial disbandment of the insurgent army urged by hunger. 506
• Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (March 23, 1901). 507
• He swears allegiance to America. His home at Canit (Cavite Viejo). 509

Chapter XXV

The Philippine Republic in the Central and Southern Islands

• The Spaniards evacuate Yloilo (Dec., 1898). Native Government there. 511
• General Miller demands the surrender of Yloilo. The Panay army. 512
• Riotous insurgent soldiery. Flight of civilians. 513
• The Yloilo native Government discusses the crisis in open assembly. 514
• Mob riot. Yloilo in flames. Looting, anarchy, and terrorism. 515
• Bombardment of Yloilo. The American forces enter and the insurgents vanish. 516
• Surrender of insurgent leaders. Peace overtures. “Water-cure”. 517
• Formal surrender of the Panay army remnant at Jaro (Feb. 2, 1901). 518
• Yloilo town. Native Government in Negros Island. Peaceful settlement. 519
• An armed rabble overruns Negros Island. 521
• Native Government in Cebú Island. American occupation of Cebú City. 522
• Cebuáno insurgents on the warpath. Peace signed with Cebuános. 524
• Reformed government in Cebú Island. Cebú City. 526
• American occupation of Bojol Island. Insurgent rising quelled. 528
• Native Government in Cottabato. Slaughter of the Christians. 529
• The Spaniardsʼ critical position in Zamboanga (Mindanao Is.). 531
• Rival factions and anarchy in Zamboanga. Opportune American advent. 532
• The Rajahmudah Datto Maudi. Zamboanga town. 534
• Sámar and Marinduque Islands under native leaders. 535
• Slaughter of American officers and troops at Balangiga (Sámar Is.). 536

Chapter XXVI

The Spanish Prisoners

• The approximate number of Spanish prisoners and their treatment. 537
• The Spanish Governmentʼs dilemma in the matter of the prisoners. 538
• Why the prisoners were detained. Baron Du Maraisʼ ill-fated mission. 539
• Further efforts to obtain their release. The captors state their terms. 541
• Discussions between Generals E. S. Otis and Nicolás Jaramillo. 542
• The Spanish commissionersʼ ruse to obtain the prisonersʼ release fails. 543
• The end of the Spaniardsʼ captivity. 544

Chapter XXVII

End of the War of Independence and After

• The last of the recognized insurgent leaders. Notorious outlaws. 545
• Apolinario Mabini. Brigands of the old and of the new type. 546
• Ferocity of the new caste of brigands. 548
• The Montalón and Felizardo outlaw bands. 549
• The “Guards of Honour.” The Pulaján in gloomy Sámar. 550
• Army and Constabulary Statistics. Insurgent navy. 553
• Sedition. Seditious plays. 554
• Landownership is conducive to social tranquillity. 555

Chapter XXVIII

Modern Manila

• Innovations under American rule. 556
• Clubs. Theatres. Hotels. “Saloons.” The Walled City. 558
• The Insular

Government. Feast-days. Municipality. 560

Emoluments of high officials. The Schurman Commission. 561

The Taft Commission. The “Philippines for the Filipinos” doctrine. 563

The Philippine Civil Service. Civil government established. 565

Constabulary. Secret Police. The Vagrant Act. 567

Army strength. Military Division. Scout Corps. 569

Chapter XXIX

The Land of the Moros

• The Bates Agreement with the Sultan of Sulu. 571
• The warlike Dattos and their clansmen. 573
• Captain Pershingʼs brilliant exploits around Lake Lanao. 574
• Storming the Cottas. American pluck. 575
• American policy in Moroland. Maj.-General Leonard Wood. 576
• Constitution of the Moro Province. 577
• Municipalities. Tribal Wards. Moro Province finances. 578
• Moro Province armed forces. Gen. Woodʼs victory at Kudaran͠gan. 580
• Datto Pedro Cuevas of Basílan Island. His career. 582
• General Wood in Sulu Island. Panglima Hassan. Major H. L. Scott. 584
• Major Hugh L. Scott vanquishes Panglima Hassan. A bichâra. 585
• Joló town. H.H. The Sultan of Sulu. 587
• American policy towards the Moro chiefs. 588
• The Manguiguinʼs eventful visit to Zamboanga. 589
• Education and progress in the Moro Province. 591
• What the Moro Province needs. The prospect therein. 592

Chapter XXX

The Spanish Friars, After 1898

• Free cult. Causes of the anti-friar feeling. 594
• Attitude of the Philippine clergy. Monsignor Chapelle. 596
• The question of the friarsʼ lands. American view. 597
• The American Government negotiates with the Holy See. 599
• The Popeʼs contrary view of the friarsʼ case. 600
• The friarsʼ-lands purchase. The approximate acreage. Monsignor Guidi. 601
• The anti-friar feeling diminishes. The Philippine Independent Church. 602
• The head of the Philippine Independent Church throws off allegiance to the Pope. 604
• Conflict between Catholics and Schismatics. 606
• Aglipayan doctrine. Native clergy. Monsignor Agius. 607
• American education. The Normal School. The Nautical School. 608
• The School for Chinese. The Spanish Schools. 610
• The English language for Orientals. Native politics. 611
• The Philippine Assembly. The cry for “independence”. 612
• The native interpretation of the term “Protection”. 613
• Capacity for self-government. Population. Benguet road. 614
• Census Statistics. Regulations affecting foreign travellers. 616
• Administration of justice. Provincial Courts. Justices of the peace. 618

Chapter XXXI

Trade and Agriculture Since the American Advent

• Trade in war-time. After-effect of war on trade and agriculture. 620
• Losses in tilth-cattle. The Congressional Relief Fund. 621
• Fruitless endeavours to replace the lost buffalo herds. 622
• Government supplies rice to the needy. Plantersʼ embarrassments. 623
• Agitation for an Agricultural Bank. Bureau of Agriculture. 624
• Land-tax. Manila Port Works. The Southern ports. 626
• Need of roads. Railway projects. 627
• The carrying-trade. The Shipping Law. Revenue and Expenditure. 628
• The Internal Revenue Law. Enormous increase in cost of living. 630
• “The Democratic Labour Union.” The Chinese Exclusion Act. 632
• Social position of the Chinese in the Islands since 1898. 634
• The new Philippine currency (Peso Conant). 635
• American Banks. The commercial policy of the future. 637
• Trade Statistics. Total Import and Export values. Hemp shipments. 639
• Total Chief Exports. Total Sugar Export. 640
• Tobacco, Cigar, and Coprah shipments. Values of Coprah and Cocoanut-oil. 644
• Sapan-wood, Gum Mastic, and Coffee shipments. 646
• Gold and Silver Imports and Exports. Tonnage. Exchange. 647
• Proportionate table of Total Exports. 648
• Proportionate table of Total Imports. 649
• Proportionate table of Staple Exports and Rice Imports. 650

Chronological Table of Leading Events. 651

Index. 655

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@22815@[email protected]#d0e5302" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">A Tagálog Girl 164

A Visayan Planter 172

A Chinese Half-caste 172

A Tagálog Milkwoman 182

A Tagálog Townsman 182

Middle-class Tagálog Natives 196

A Spanish-Mexican Galleon 244

A Canoe 244

A Casco (Sailing-barge) 244

A Prahu (Sailing-canoe) 244

A Sugar-estate House, Southern Philippines 275

Shipping Hemp in the Provinces 288

Botanical Specimen 321

Botanical Specimen 322

Botanical Specimen Facing 323

Botanical Specimen 324

The Old Walls of Manila City 344

La Escolta in the Business Quarter of Manila 347

A Riverside Washing-scene 359

Dr. José Rizal 381

Don Felipe Agoncillo 381

General Emilio Aguinaldo 396

Don Pedro a Paterno 396

Admiral Patricio Montojo 430

Admiral George Dewey 430

General Basilio Augusti 430

Maj.-General Wesley Merritt 430

Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda 430

Tagálog Bowie-knives and Weapons 485

A Pandita (Mahometan Priest) 534

Rajahmudah Datto Mandi and Wife 534

Santa Cruz Church (Manila Suburb) 559

Panglima Hassan (of Sulu) 584

A Mindanao Datto and Suite 584

The Rt. Rev. Bishop Gregorio Aglípay 604

A Roadside Scene in Bulacan Province 627

Maps

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">The Province of Cavite 371

Map of the Archipelago at the end